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Biology 9 - Silance > Darwin's Evolution & Evolution of Populations > Flashcards

Darwin's Evolution & Evolution of Populations Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin discovered biological evolution, which is

A

How organisms change over long periods of time.

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2
Q

Darwin went on a journey:

A

On the Beagle for 5 years to keep the captain company to the Galapagos

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3
Q

Biodiversity:

A

Variation of life on earth.

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4
Q

How many patterns of Biodiversity is there?

A

3

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5
Q

First Pattern of Biodiversity:

A

(Species Vary Globally) - different ecologically similar species that inhabit different yet similar ecosystems across the globe. Doesn’t have to be close.

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6
Q

Second Pattern of Biodiversity:

A

(Species Vary Locally) - Different, yet related animal species often occupied different habitats within a local area.

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7
Q

Third Pattern of Biodiversity:

A

(Species Vary Over Time) - Fossils of similar extinct species to current species.

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8
Q

Hutton and Lyell:

A

concluded that the Earth is extremely old in an age where people thought the world was only a few thousand years old.

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9
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

geological processes we see today are the same processes that shaped the earth millions of years ago

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10
Q

Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypothesis:

A

(Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics) Organisms could change during their lifetime by selectively using or not using various parts of their bodies These organisms could pass these acquired traits on to their offspring, changing the species over time

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11
Q

Thomas Malthus on Population Growth:

A

If the population kept growing, there would eventually no more food and space for all the people.

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12
Q

Artificial Selection:

A

Human breeding animals for characteristics that they deem useful or special.

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13
Q

All individuals ___ in their traits

A

Vary

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14
Q

Variations of traits in an organisms can either be

A

beneficial or harmful

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15
Q

Adaptation:

A

any heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment (can also be behaviors)

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16
Q

Fitness:

A

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

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17
Q

Individuals that are well adapted to their environment…

A

have high fitness

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18
Q

Natural Selection:

A

the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring.

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19
Q

Natural selection occurs in any situation in which…

A

more individuals are born than can survive, natural heritable variation affects the ability to survive and reproduce, and fitness varies among individuals

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20
Q

Theory of Common Descent:

A

All species - living and extinct - are descended from ancient common ancestors and exhibit diversity due to natural selection

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21
Q

Biogeography

A

study of where organisms live now and where they and their ancestors lived in the past

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22
Q

Patterns in the distribution of living and fossil species tell us…

A

how modern organisms evolved from their ancestor

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23
Q

Fossils are used to…

A

Trace the evolution of modern species to extinct ancestors.

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24
Q

Homologous Structures:

A

Same structures adapted to different purposes as the result of descent with modification of a common ancestor

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25
Analogous Structures:
Structures that do the same function but do not share structure and development (evolved from a different line)
26
Vestigial Structures:
Inherited from ancestors but have little function
27
Embryology:
Same groups of embryonic cells develop in the same order and in similar patterns to produce many homologous tissues and organs
28
Chordata:
all share 4 similar characteristics during embryonic development
29
The 4 similar characteristics of Chordata:
Notochord (vertebral column/spine) Dorsal, hollow nerve chord (CNS) Pharyngeal slits (gill arches in fish; jaw/inner ear in mammals) Post-anal tail (lost in humans and apes during embryonic development)
30
Population:
group of individuals of the same species that mate and produce offspring.
31
Gene Pool:
consists of all the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene that are present in a population.
32
Allele frequency:
number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, compared to the total number of alleles in the pool for the same gene.
33
Evolution involves any change in...
the frequency of alleles in a population over time
34
Populations evolve, but ____ don't
individuals
35
Natural Selection can either
increase or decrease the relative fitness of a population
36
The results of natural selection shows up in...
the changes in allele frequencies over time
37
Genotype:
an organisms combination of alleles it carries (TT, Tt, tt)
38
Phenotype:
physical characteristics of organism
39
Natural selection acts directly on the...
phenotype
40
___ types of mutations that matter in evolution
3
41
1st mutation
Lethal (genetic disease)
42
2nd mutation
Lowers fitness
43
3rd mutation
Improves fitness
44
Genetic Recombination:
Crossing over during Meiosis; also another source of varation.
45
Single Gene Trait;
a trait controlled by a single trait
46
Polygenic Traits:
Traits that are controlled by many different genes
47
If you take a sample of a normal phenotypic variation of polygenetic trait, it’s called:
normal distribution
48
Natural Selection on Single-Gene Traits;
can lead to changes in allele frequencies which will lead to changes in phenotype frequencies.
49
How many types of Natural Selection on Polygenetic Traits?
3
50
Directional Selection:
When a trait at one end of the bell curve has a higher level of fitness which increases the allele frequency, changing the phenotype over time.
51
Stabilizing selection:
Individuals near the center of the curve have a high fitness which keeps the curve the same but narrows the curve overall
52
Disruptive Selection:
Individuals at the outer ends of the curve have higher fitness. Could create two different phenotypes
53
Genetic Drift:
Random change in allele frequency
54
Genetic Drift (Bottleneck):
Change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population
55
Genetic Drift (Founder's Effect):
A few individuals colonize a new habitat. Just by chance, they have allele frequency that they carry, those are the alleles they pass on. These allele frequencies could be different than parent population.
56
Species:
A population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
57
Speciation:
The formation of a new species
58
In order for Speciation to occur, there has to be...
Reproductive Isolation
59
How many types of Reproductive Isolation are there?
3
60
In order for Reproductive Isolation to be effective...
All gene flow must be cut off
61
Behavioral isolation
Two populations that are capable of interbreeding develop different courtship rituals.
62
Geographic isolation
Two populations are separated by geographic barriers
63
Temporal isolation
When two species reproduce at different times
64
Taxonomy
a system of naming and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics and universal rules
65
Binomial Nomenclature
naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus where each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
66
Rules of Species Naming:
Rules: Names are always in italics First word begins with capital letter, second word is all lowercase Genus then species
67
LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
68
How to remember the Linnaean Classification System:
Did King Phillip Came Over For Green Spaghetti?
69
The 3 Domains:
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
70
4 main kingdoms of Eukarya:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
71
Phylogeny =
the study of the evolutionary history of lineages of organism
72
Clade=
a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants to that ancestor – living and extinct
73
Cladograms -
link groups of organisms by showing current hypotheses about how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors

Biology 9 - Silance (6 decks)

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