Darwin

Question 1

What is Science?

Answer 1

CONCLUSIONS ARE TENTATIVE

Question 2

Doushantuo fossils

Answer 2

Cambrian explosion

• For a long period of time, what was concluded was that the fossils showed the first sign of eukaryotic life: CLASSICAL VIEW
• January 2007: was discovered that the fossils WERE NOT ANIMALS, but instead sulphur-oxidizing bacteria
• April 2007: Doushanyuo organisms were indeed eukaryotic and were most probably early cleavage stage embryos
• December 23 2011: Concluded that the fossils were neither animals nor embryos and preclude post cleavage embryology characteristic of metazoans
• 2014: intermediate and primitive to both

Question 3

Charles Darwin

Answer 3

pursued being a naturalist
• In Galapagos, Darwin observed that species were similar to species on the mainland of South America, and that species varied from island to island
• Postulated that species had reached the islands from the mainland, but then had undergone different changes on different islands (NATURAL SELECTION)

Question 4

Natural Selection vs Evolution

Answer 4

• Natural selection works on the phenotypes of the individuals
o Is the process that leads to evolution
o Beaks of the birds of the galapagos
• Evolution is the change from one generation to the next in the ACTUAL GENE POOL OF THE POPULATION

Question 5

Natural Selection

Answer 5

is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 6

Macroevolution

Answer 6

• Major evolutionary change
• Evolution of whole taxonomic group over long periods of time
how different species come about

Question 7

microevolution

Answer 7

• Evolutionary change within a species or small groups of organisms
change in the gene pool

Question 8

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 8

• Binomial nomenclature and taxonomy
• Described over 100,000 different species
o Began to categorize and put them in different groups
• Did not believe in evolution
• Believed that the diversity of life was a divine creation with NO EXCTINCTION
Linnaeus ascribed the resemblance among species to the pattern of creation rather than evolution

Question 9

Georges Cuvier

Answer 9

Catastrophism
• Did not believe in evolution
• Catastrophism
o Organisms are destroyed and new ones are put on earth

Question 10

Lyell and Hutton

Answer 10

changes in Earth;s surgace can result from slow, continuous actions still operating today
• Lyell further proposed that the mechanisms of change are constant over time

Question 11

Archbishop Ussher

Answer 11

o Creation occurred on the evening of Sunday, October 23, 4004 B.C
o Earth was only 6000 years old
o Was printed until the beginning of the 20th century

Question 12

Georges Louis de Buffoon

Answer 12

o Earth was 70,000 years

o Life changes over time

Question 13

Nicolaus Steno

Answer 13

o Younger rocks lie on top of older rocks

Question 14

William Smith

Answer 14

o Produced the first detailed geological map

o Each formation contained a distinctive assemblage of fossils

Question 15

James Hutton

Answer 15

o Founder of modern geology
o Earth was millions of years old
o Sediments form by slow accumulation of particles sinking to bottom of oceans and lakes

Question 16

Lyell

Answer 16

o Uniformitarianism

• Slow forces that shaped the Earth are still operating today

Question 17

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 17

Inheritance of Acquired CHaracteristics
extinction did not exist, but instead species continually evolved into living forms.
• Ancestor of the present day giraffe acquired a longer neck through the process of stretching its neck to feed on the leaves of trees
• Over time, stretching led to the evolution of the long necked giraffe
• WRONG

Question 18

Alfred Russell Wallace

Answer 18

• Proposed a theory of evolution due to natural selection
• The potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources
• If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in a population over time, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with these traits
• Process explains the match between organisms and their environment

Question 19

Malthus

Answer 19

linear growth

Question 20

Darwin’s old idea

Answer 20

species were idealized types, fixed elements in a clearly defined natural order

Question 21

Darwin’s Five Facts and Three Intereferences

Answer 21

• Fact 1: All species have great potential fertility
• Fact 2: Populations normally display stability
• Fact 3: In a stable environment resources are limited and remain relatively constant
o Interference 1: there must be a fierce struggle for existence
• Fact 4: Populations display enormous variability
• Fact 5: Much of this variation is heritable
o Interference 2: Survival is not random, this unequal survival is the process of NATURAL SELECTION
o Interference 3: Over generations this process of natural selection will lead to a continuing gradual change of populations, that is EVOLUTION

Question 22

Factors that Govern microevolution

Answer 22

new alleles
gene duplication
exon shuffling
horizontal gene transfer

Question 23

new alleles

Answer 23

o Random mutations within pre-existing genes introduce new alleles into populations, but at a very low rate

Question 24

Gene duplication

Answer 24

o Abnormal crossover events and transposable elements may increase the number of copies of a gene

Question 25

exon shuffling

Answer 25

o Abnormal crossover events and transposable elements may promote gene rearrangements in which one or more exons from one gene are inserted into another gene

Question 26

hetermoetry

Answer 26

difference in the amount of a gene product that is produced

finches: bills

Question 27

heterchrony

Answer 27

difference in the timing of gene expression during development (onset, offset and duration – Giraffe’s neck)

Question 28

heterotopy

Answer 28

difference in the spatial pattern of gene expression during development (BMP4 expression in bird feet)