dar al-islam Flashcards
How did Islam spread after the death of Muhammad?
It spread rapidly outward from Arabia. Happened through military actions, activities of merchants, missionaries.
Name of Islamic empire
Abbasid Caliphate
House of Wisdom
Scholars under the Abbasid empire traveled to Baghdad to study at reowned center of learning, House of Wisdom.
Mamluks
- enslaved ethnic Turks to serve as soldiers, later as bureaucrats
- Siezed control of gov in Egypt, creating Mumluk Sultanate
- Mamluks declined in power after Europeans found new sea trade routes.
Seljuk Turks
- Central Asian Muslims that began conquering parts of Middle East - Western China (eventually)
- “Sultan” (leader) went from highest ranking Abbasid from caliph to chief Sunni religious authority.
Crusades
- Groups of soldiers organized by European Christians
- Abbasids allowed Christians to travel to & from their holy sites but Seljuk’s limited travel.
What economic competition developed in the Middle east? Baghdad role?
Baghdads being the “center of trade” shifted further north, causing it to decay. Baghdad couldn’t keep canals repaired, lost its wealth & population, and was unable to produce much food.
What impact did the Mongols have in Dar al-Islam?
- 4th group to attack Abbasid Empire
- Mongols conquered remaining Abbasid Empire (1258) & ended Seljuk rule
- They were stopped in Egypt by Mamluks while continuing to push westward
Where did the trade routes go? How did it shift? What was the effect of this shift? (cont of Baghdad card)
- Trade routes shifted north
- resulted in Baghdad losing many things & decay.
What was behind idea of cultural region.
- regions w diversity & mixed culture
- Result - everyone from diff groups wanted to be atleast partally Turkic.
- Common use of Shariah created similar legal systems
3 things Islamic scholars did for “quest of knowledge”
- Translated Greek literacy classics to Arabic to save works of Artisole & Greek thinkers
- Studied math texts from India & transferred knowledge to Europeans
- Adopted techniques for paper making from China (Europeans learnt thru them)
Golden Age of Islam
2 cultural innovators & what were they known for?
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi - Contributed to astronomy, law, medicine, logic, ethics, philosophy, math. Lots of development
- Ibn Khaldun - Historical accounts & Sociology (founder of fields of histography)
What is a Sufi? Origins? What does it mean to be a missionary?
- Religion
- Emphasizes introspection to grasp truths that they believed couldnt be understoodthru learning.
- Adapt to cultures, traditions, etc. of Islam.
- Have won many converts
What economic role did merchants play for Muslims?
- Trade networks - merchants grew rich from dealings across Indian O. & Central Asia.
What religious role did merchants play?
They maintained fair dealings & gave to charity in accord with 5 pillars of Islam
What did Islam believe about Slavery?
- Couldn’t enslave other Muslims/monotheists
- Often enslaved Africans
- Were freed after they converted to Islam
How were slaves treated?
Heriditery slavery hadn’t developed. After slaves were free, they would convert to Islam.
Female slaves?
Served as concubines to Islamic men who already wed their allotments (4 wives). Allowed more independence & opportunities to earn money paid off to buy themselves freedom.
How were women treated in the time of Muhammad?
- Treated great (love & devotion)
- Dowries were to be paid to wives instead of her father
- He forbade female infanticide
How ere women treated after Muhammad?
- Limitations on Women’s rights
- Status of women is symbolized by veil & harem, a dwelling set aside for wives, concubines, children of women.
Ummayads - what territories did they rule
- Islamic empire/dynasty
- ruled briefly in Middle East
- Kept power longer in Spain & included spain from South
- Cordoba was their capital of Spain
What is al-Andalus? What was it known for?
- Islamic state in Spain, became center of learning
- known for Cordoba’s largest library in the world (at the time)
What is Ibn Rushd’s connection to Jewish & Christian philosophers?
- His commentaries on Artisole influenced Jewish, whos work influenced Thomas Aquines (Christian)
What technology was transferred from China by Muslims, and where did it go? What was the impact?
- Paper making was taught to Europeans by Muslims & was spreading ideas in Europe.
