Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry (3.1 Terms)

Question 1

3.1.1 ____1____ –

a term that refers to a type of metallurgical structure (austenite) normally found in 300 Series stainless steels and nickel base alloys.

Answer 1

Answer

1. Austentic

Question 2

3.1.2 _____________ –

the 300 Series stainless steels including Types 304, 304L, 304H, 309, 310, 316, 316L, 316H, 321, 321H, 347, and 347H. The “L” and “H” suffixes refer to controlled ranges of low and high carbon content, respectively. These alloys are characterized by an austenitic structure.

Answer 2

Answer

1. Austenitic stainless steels

Question 3

3.1.3 ___________ –

steels that do not have alloying elements intentionally added. However, there may be small amounts of elements permitted by specifications such as SA516 and SA106, for example that can affect corrosion resistance, hardness after welding, and toughness. Elements which may be found in small quantities include Cr, Ni, Mo, Cu, S, Si, P, Al, V and B.

Answer 3

Answer

1. Carbon steel

Question 4

3.1.4 ______1____ (___) –

used in amine treating to remove H2S and CO2 from hydrocarbon streams.

Answer 4

Answer

1. Diethanolamine (DEA)

Question 5

3.1.5 _______1_______ –

a family of stainless steels that contain a mixed austenitic-ferritic structure including Alloy 2205, 2304, and 2507. The welds of 300 series stainless steels may also exhibit a duplex structure.

Answer 5

Answer

1. Duplex stainless steel

Question 6

3.1.6 ___1___ – a term that refers to a type of metallurgical structure (ferrite) normally found in carbon and low alloy steels and many 400 series stainless steels.

Answer 6

Answer

1. Ferritic

Question 7

3.1.7 _______1_______ – include Types 405, 409, 430, 442, and 446.

Answer 7

Answer

1. Ferritic stainless steels

Question 8

3.1.8 ____ ______ ____ (___) – the portion of the base metal adjacent to a weld which has not been melted, but the metallurgical microstructure and mechanical properties have been changed by the heat of welding, sometimes with undesirable effects.

Answer 8

Answer

1. Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)

Question 9

3.1.9 ____ _____ ___1_ ____ ____ (____) - A family of low-carbon steels in which the strength levels are achieved by the addition of moderate amounts of alloying elements such as titanium, vanadium or niobium in amounts of less than 0.1 per cent. They can be are more sensitive to cracking during fabrication from hydrogen embrittlement (delayed cracking) or underbead cracking.

Answer 9

Answer

1. High Strenth low Alloy Steels (HSLA)

Question 10

3.1.10 _____ ____1____ ____ (___) – describes stepwise internal cracks that connect adjacent hydrogen blisters on different planes in the metal, or to the metal surface. No externally applied stress is needed for the formation of HIC. The development of internal cracks (sometimes referred to as blister cracks) tends to link with other cracks by a transgranular plastic shear mechanism because of internal pressure resulting from the accumulation of hydrogen. The link-up of these cracks on different planes in steels has been referred to as stepwise cracking to characterize the nature of the crack appearance.

Answer 10

Answer

1. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)

Question 11

3.1.11 ______1______ – a family of steels containing up to 9% chromium and other alloying additions for high temperature strength and creep resistance. The materials include C-0.5Mo, Mn-0.5Mo, 1Cr- 0.5Mo, 1.25 Cr-0.5Mo, 2.25Cr-1.0Mo, 5Cr-0.5Mo, and 9Cr 1Mo. These are considered ferritic steels.

Answer 11

Answer

1. Low alloy steel

Question 12

3.1.12 _____1______ – a term that refers to a type of metallurgical structure (martensite) normally found in
some 400 series stainless steel. Heat treatment and or welding followed by rapid cooling can produce this structure in carbon and low alloy steels.

Answer 12

Answer

1. Martensitic

Question 13

3.1.13 ________ __1_______ ____ – include Types 410, 410S, 416, 420, 440A, 440B, and 440C.

Answer 13

Answer

1. Martensitic stainless steel

Question 14

3.1.14 ________________ (___) – used in amine treating to remove H2S and CO2 from hydrocarbon streams.

Answer 14

Answer

1. Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)

Question 15

3.1.15 _________1________ (___) – used in amine treating to remove H2S and CO2 from hydrocarbon streams.

Answer 15

Answer

1. Monoethanolamine (MEA)

Question 16

3.1.16 _____1_____ – a family of alloys containing nickel as a major alloying element (>30%) including Alloys 200, 400, K-500, 800, 800H, 825, 600, 600H, 617, 625, 718, X-750, and C276.

Answer 16

Answer

1. Nickel base

Question 17

3.1.17 ____ ______ ______1__ ______ _____ (_____)-

describes an array of cracks, aligned nearly perpendicular to the stress, that are formed by the link-up of small HIC cracks in steel. Tensile strength (residual or applied) is required to produce SOHIC. SOHIC is commonly observed in the base metal adjacent to the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of a weld, oriented in the through-thickness direction. SOHIC may also be produced in susceptible steels at other high stress points, such as from the tip of the mechanical cracks and defects, or from the interaction among HIC on different planes in the steel.

Answer 17

Answer

1. Stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC)

Question 18

3.1.18 _____1_____ – there are four categories of stainless steels that are characterized by their metallurgical structure at room temperature: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic and duplex. These alloys have varying amounts of chromium and other alloying elements that give them resistance to oxidation, sulfidation and other forms of corrosion depending on the alloy content.

Answer 18

Answer

1. Stainless steel