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Principles of Drug Action > Damage and pathophysiology of microbial disease > Flashcards

Damage and pathophysiology of microbial disease Flashcards

1
Q

visible disease is a consequence of what?

A

Visible disease is a consequence of host
damage

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2
Q

How do microbes directly interact with the host to cause disease?

A

Microbes produce and utilize offensive virulence factors, such as toxins, which destroy immune cells and tissues, thereby promoting spread, transmission, and persistence of the infection.

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3
Q

How do microbes indirectly interact with the host immune responses?

A

Microbes interact indirectly with the host immune system, leading to inflammation, pus formation, kidney malfunctions due to antibody complexes, and endotoxic shock caused by lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

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4
Q

What role do microbial interactions with the host immune responses , produce

A

Work together to produce symptoms

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5
Q

What are the main categories of microbial toxins?

A

The main categories of microbial toxins are exotoxins and endotoxins.

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6
Q

Describe exotoxins and their subtypes.

A

Exotoxins are toxins that are secreted from bacterial cells. They include:

A-B toxins
Site-specific toxins (acting on cell membranes)
Super antigen toxins

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7
Q

How can degradative enzymes contribute to microbial virulence?

A

Degradative enzymes, such as collagenase and hyaluronidase, can facilitate tissue invasion by breaking down components of host tissues, aiding in the spread and colonization of pathogens.

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8
Q

How do endotoxins differ from exotoxins?

A

Endotoxins are cell wall-associated components, while exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacteria into the surrounding environment.

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9
Q

What are endotoxins and where are they located?

A

Endotoxins are intrinsic components of the bacterial or fungal cell wall.

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10
Q

which type of bacteria is it associated with lipoteichoic acids ?

A

lipoteichoic acids found in Gram-positive bacteria.

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11
Q

Which type of immune response is triggered by the interaction of endotoxins with the immune system?

A

Endotoxins overstimulate the immune system, triggering an inflammatory response.

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12
Q

What is Lipid A and which type of bacteria is it associated with?

A

Lipid A is a component of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and is associated with Gram-negative bacteria.

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13
Q

What is zymosan and where is it found?

A

Zymosan is a component of yeast membranes

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14
Q

What potential use do bacterial exotoxins have in vaccine development?

A

Bacterial exotoxins are targets for vaccine design, specifically in the development of toxoids.

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15
Q

How are many bacterial exotoxin genes carried?

A

Many bacterial exotoxin genes are carried on plasmids or mobile elements like bacteriophages.

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16
Q

Which types of bacteria mostly produce exotoxins?

A

Exotoxins are mostly produced by Gram-positive bacteria.

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17
Q

What functions do bacterial exotoxins serve in relation to the host?

A

Bacterial exotoxins have functions in liberating nutrients from the host and in immune avoidance.

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18
Q

what are bacteria exotoxins?

A

Bacterial exotoxins are soluble,

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19
Q

where are the bacterial exotoxins (heat-labile secondary protein metabolites) produced?

A

heat-labile secondary protein metabolites produced during bacterial growth.

20
Q

What is the role of the A subunit in AB toxins?

A

The A subunit is the toxic subunit that acts intracellularly on specific mechanisms, often involving ADP-ribosylation.

21
Q

What is the function of the B subunit in AB toxins?

A

The B subunit serves as the protective or binding subunit. It allows the entry of the A subunit into cells and facilitates its translocation to the cytosol.

22
Q

How does the B subunit determine the specificity of AB toxins?

A

The B subunit determines cell tropism by binding to specific cell surface receptors.

23
Q

What are some ways in which the B subunit facilitates entry of AB toxins into cells?

A

The B subunit can induce endocytosis or form pores in the cell membrane. Additionally, it can oligomerize into structures like pentamers or heptamers.

24
Q

what is the mode of action of A-B toxins produce by

A

C. diptheriae.

25
Q

Describe how A and B components of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin enter the cell? And where the toxic A portion is released in?

A

A and B components of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin are internalized through endocytosis.the toxic A portion is released
in the cytosol

26
Q

What is the function of the A subunit of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin?

A

The A subunit of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin is an enzyme that modifies a key protein essential for protein synthesis.

27
Q

What is the consequence of protein synthesis inhibition caused by the Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis ultimately leads to cell death.

28
Q

What are site-specific toxins?

A

Site-specific toxins are toxins that act specifically at certain sites within the body.

29
Q

where are some neurotoxins produced neurotoxins and how they affect the body

A

produced at wound sites and cause vomiting by affecting neurons in the gut.

30
Q

How do enterotoxins function in the body?

A

Enterotoxins directly impact fluid secretion or cause cell death in the gastrointestinal tract. An example is Cholera toxin

31
Q

What is the mode of action of cytotoxins?

A

Cytotoxins generally target and damage tissue cells directly,

32
Q

What are membrane damaging toxins that cause lysis by disrupting membrane integrity?

A

Membrane damaging toxins include pore forming toxins and phospholipases.

33
Q

How do pore forming toxins kill cells?

A

Pore forming toxins kill cells by changing osmotic balance.

34
Q

How do phospholipases contribute to membrane damage?

A

Phospholipases remove the charged portion of membrane phospholipids.

35
Q

What are super antigen toxins?abd how do they short circuit the immune system?

A

super antigen toxins are produced by certain bacteria and viruses, such as Staphylococcus aureus. They have the ability to “short circuit” the immune system by allowing non-specific activation of immunity.

36
Q

How do super antigen toxins affect the immune system?

A

Super antigen toxins activate a large proportion (over 30%) of T cells to produce cytokines, which are chemical messengers. This massive cytokine release can lead to damage of blood vessels, shock, and multi-organ failure.

37
Q

How do degradative enzymes contribute to the severity of bacterial diseases?

A

Degradative enzymes, often used by bacteria for nutrition, increase disease severity by enabling penetration into deeper tissues, killing cells directly, and destroying tissue structure.

38
Q

What is the non-secreted toxic component found in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

The non-secreted toxic component found in Gram-negative bacteria is endotoxin.

39
Q

What are some ways toxins disrupt cellular functions?(4ways)

A

Toxins disrupt cellular functions by:

Increasing cAMP levels and halting protein synthesis.
Inducing lysis through pore formation or membrane disruption.
Hyperactivating processes such as fluid imbalances due to superantigens.
Impacting neurons at synapses, as seen with tetanus and botulinum toxins.

40
Q

What is the causative agent of gangrene?

A

Clostridium perfringens

41
Q

Describe the characteristics of Clostridium perfringens.

A

Gram-positive anaerobic rod

42
Q

Where does Clostridium perfringens typically infect?

A

Deep wounds, especially post-operative infections

43
Q

How does Clostridium perfringens colonize areas of no blood flow?

A

It can colonize these areas due to its ability to grow anaerobically

44
Q

Why is gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens difficult to treat?

A

Treatment is challenging due to limited blood flow in affected areas, making drug delivery and immune response less effective.

45
Q

What distinctive feature is associated with gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens?

A

It often produces a foul smell due to the production of volatile amines.

46
Q

Besides α- and β-toxins, what other enzyme does Clostridium perfringens produce?

A

Collagenase

47
Q
A

Principles of Drug Action (8 decks)

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