Dairy pt 1

Question 1

which country produces the most milk?

Answer 1

the EU

Question 2

how does canada rank in in milk production?

Answer 2

11th

Question 3

what are the 3 major components of the canadian economy?

Answer 3

grains/cereals, red meats, milk

Question 4

what’s the difference between grains and cereals?

Answer 4

grains = hard seeds without hulls or fruits

cereals = grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain; composed of endosperm, germ, and bran

Question 5

what are the 2 major provinces that produce milk?

Answer 5

Quebec, Ontario (make 75% of milk in canada)

Question 6

what are the 3 major milk/dairy producers?

Answer 6

Agropur, pharmalat, saputo

Question 7

how much is produced/processed as fluid milkl?

Answer 7

40%

Question 8

define a heifer

Answer 8

young cow that hasn’t yet made a calf

Question 9

why does milk composition vary between mammals?

Answer 9

nature of the animal’s diet

Question 10

why is the protein content of human milk lower than others?

Answer 10

immunity; adaptation; mother diet

Question 11

what are the essential amino acids?

Answer 11

• threonine
• histidine
• isoleucine
• leucine
• lysine
• methionine
• phenylalanine
• valine
• tryptophan

Question 12

what are the main components of milk?

Answer 12

• proteins
• CHO
• fats
• moisture
• others (vits & mins)

Question 13

what hormone is required for milk production?

Answer 13

oxytocin

Question 14

what are the small vesicles in the mammary glands called? what kind of cells are there?

Answer 14

alveoli; secretory cells

Question 15

describe the process involving oxytocin and the production of milk

Answer 15

oxytocin binds to the secretory cells in the alveoli which makes them expel fluid into the lumen (alveoli cavity)

Question 16

where a fat globules synthesized?

Answer 16

ER

Question 17

what milk proteins are produced in ribosomes?

Answer 17

major ones: B-lactalbumin, B-lactoglobulin

Question 18

what milk proteins are produced elsewhere (i.e. liver)?

Answer 18

minor ones: albumin, immunoglobulins

Question 19

how are electrolytes transported?

Answer 19

via pumps or channels through lateral membranes connecting epithelial cells in the lumen

Question 20

where are proteins phosphorylated/glycosylated?

Answer 20

golgi appartus

Question 21

where is lactose synthesized?

Answer 21

cytosol

Question 22

trying to make lactose: what happens to glucose that can’t pass through the golgi membrane?

Answer 22

glucose is epimerized into galactose on UDP as UDP galactose

Question 23

what’s UDP galactose? where does it go? how?

Answer 23

the epimerized version of glucose; into the golgi lumen by active transport

Question 24

what intermediate ultimately gets turned into lactose? what enzyme is responsible for this transformation?

Answer 24

UDP-galactose; galactose transferase

Question 25

what breed of cow is the most prominent in canada for milk production? what percentage do they contribute?

Answer 25

Holsteins; 93%

Question 26

what’s the benefit of using holsteins for milk production?

Answer 26

produce the most milk per cow and contribute the most volume

Question 27

what substance naturally increases milk production volume?

Answer 27

hormone: bovine somatotropin (bST)

Question 28

how is bST obtained?

Answer 28

take gene from cow, stick in bacteria (E. coli) and let them rapidly grow and produce the hormone

Question 29

why isn’t use of bST approved everywhere?

Answer 29

can cause allergic reactions in humans and reduces fertility of the cows so they don’t conceive as easily in its presence