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Nutrition > Dairy nutrition--Almeida pt. 2 > Flashcards

Dairy nutrition--Almeida pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Equipment needed for feeding TMR

A

mixer blender unit (mobile, stationary, uniformly mixes ration, must be mixed long enough though and can’t be mixed too long–>fiber shreeded);
weighing device

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2
Q

What are the 6 common mistakes in TMR

A

1) errors in mixing and scales
2) top dress
3) free choice (hay)
4) wet ingredient testing
5) error in mixing time
6) changing batch sizes

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3
Q

T/F: It is important to divide the herd into homogenous groups (similar production and nutrition needs) when TMR feeding

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What factors are taken into consideration during TMR feeding?

A

Size of the herd, facilities

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5
Q

Why are producing cows separated by production levels in TMR feeding?

A

High producing cows will need more concentrate

Low producing cows will become fat if fed at the same level as high producing cows

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of automatic concentrate feeders?

A

magnetic, electronic, and transponder

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7
Q

T/F: Automatic concentrate feeders are used on very small dairy farms. A device is attached to each individual and allows access to feed.

A

FALSE–used on very LARGE farms; everything else is true

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8
Q

What does the transponder do in automatic concentrate feeders?

A

controls the amount fed to each animal

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9
Q

What is the idea of automatic concentrate feeders?

A

allow high-producing cows to have access to more concentrate

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10
Q

T/F: If milk fat is consistently below the average for the breed (e.g. 0.3% below)–>likely a (nutritional) problem

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What is the required milk fat content for red & white and Holstein cows?

A

2.5-3.5%

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12
Q

T/F: milk fat is one of the least important characteristics of milk

A

FALSE–it is one of the MOST important

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13
Q

What are 6 non-nutritional factors for milk fat drop?

A

1) season of the year–>spring and summer
2) stage of lactation–>lowest at peak lactation
3) genetics, breed, selection
4) high somatic cell counts–>mastitis
5) milking equipment problems–>frozen milk in the bulk tank or lack of agitation
6) improper handling of samples (over 40 F)

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14
Q

What are 8 nutritional/management factors for milk fat drop?

A

1) low fiber intake
2) low forage intake
3) high non-fiber carb intake
4) ration particle too fine
5) ration particle too coarse
6) protein deficiency
7) mineral deficiency (sulfur)–>unbalanced protein synthesis in rumen
8) energy deficiency–>animals fed below maintenance levels (esp. early lactation)

1-6–>unbalanced forage/cereal intake–>rumen flora alt.–>metabolic disease

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15
Q

Suggestions for control (5) of milk drop

A

1) obtain recent analysis of forages being fed (protein, NDF, ash, fat, sulphur)
2) obtain analysis of the TMR (protein, NDF, ash, fat, sulphur) asking the lab to dry and grind it
3) evaluate the ration for nutrient content–check the math
4) evaluate particle size distribution for TMR (Penn state shaker box)
5) use and update production records

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16
Q

DON’T FORGET TO MEMORIZE THAT STUPID PENN STATE SHAKER BOX TABLE BECAUSE WE’RE ALL GONNA BE COW DOCTORS AND WILL USE THIS EVERY DAY FOR THE REST OF OUR LIVES -_-

A

No, I’m not bitter about this at all

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17
Q

BCS: 6 things that I’ll probably forget right after I walk out of this damn exam

Look at the picture on slide 93

A

1) amount of fat an animal is carrying
2) scoring ranges from 1-5
3) scoring done by observing the amount of depression around tail head, amount of fat covering the pin and pelvic bones and fat around the loin area
4) very subjective
5) changes a lot from individual to individual performing the BCS
6) requires proper training

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18
Q

BCS 1

A

very thin animal
showing deep depression around tailhead
no fat covering rump and loin

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19
Q

BCS 2

A

moderately thin animal, shallow cavity around tailhead

small amount of fat covering rump and loin

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20
Q

BCS 3

A

no cavity around tailhead

fatty tissue over the whole rump and loin area

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21
Q

BCS 4

A

Moderately fat animal
folds of fatty tissue over the tailhead
patches of fat over the rump
fairly heavy fat covering the loin

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22
Q

BCS 5

A

very fat animal
tailhead buried in fat
heavy fat covering rump and loin areas

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23
Q

Look at the big metabolic moments chart for cows and download the BCS Bayer app if you have no life and your only friends are cows

A

Idk if there’s gonna be a question and I honestly don’t give a flying fandango

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24
Q

What are 5 important factors of maximum efficiency in milk production?

A

1) dairy cows must not be too thin or too fat
2) using BCS helps the farmer to improve efficiency and herd health
3) thin cows = health issues
4) fat cows = difficulty in calving and high risk of fatty liver syndrome
5) heifers should also be checked for BCS (fat heifers = difficulty in calving and lower development of the mammary gland)

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25
Q

When should you check BCS?

A

after calving
early in lactation
middle of the lactation (4 months)
end of lactation

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26
Q

BCS shortly after calving? (4 things)

A

1) cows should have a BCS 3.0-3.5
2) cows normally lose weight during this period
3) BCS should not drop below 2.5 (normal cows) or 2.0 for high-yield dairy cows
4) if drops correct it with nutritional management (i.e. increase the concentrate:forage ratio)

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27
Q

BCS in early lactation (4 things)

A

1) cows should have a BCS of 2.0-2.5
2) if too thin increase the energy level
3) cows reach peak lactation at this stage
4) if cow has BCS of 3.0-3.5 but does not produce enough milk, check ration for protein and mineral levels

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28
Q

BCS in mid lactation (4 things)

A

1) cows should have BCS 3.0
2) if animal is too fat (4.0), reduce energy intake
3) if animal is too thin (2.0) increase feed intake
4) normally problems like these should be checked at earlier stages

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29
Q

BCS at the end of lactation: 4 things

A

1) cows should be building body reserves for the next lactation
2) BCS 3.5
3) adjust energy level of the ration as needed
4) important that cows are not too fat at this stage

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30
Q

4 fun facts about dairy cattle manure, because I’m totally going to use them all in my life time

A

1) adult cows pass feces every 2 hours
2) produce 100 lbs of manure a day
3) amount and consistency of manure produced varies with feed and water intake
4) altered by an unusual disruption in the passage of digesta through the digestive tract

YAY POOP I LOVE IT -_-

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31
Q

T/F: Manure evaluation is not a precise science

A

GASP IT’S TRUE, THERE GOES MY DREAM OF BEING A MANUROLOGIST

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32
Q

T/F: Manure may be used as a diagnostic tool for nutrition health-related issues

A

TRUE

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33
Q

T/F: Manure does not provide hints of what might be happening with the digestive process

A

FALSE–it does give hints

34
Q

3 C’s in manure observation:

A

Color, consistency, content,

35
Q

What influences the colors of manure?

A

feed type, bile concentration and passage of feedstuffs and digesta

36
Q

Dark green manure = ?

A

cattle grazing fresh forage or pasture

37
Q

dark brown manure = ?

A

hay ration

38
Q

yellow olive manure = ?

A

TMR ration–>combination of grain and forage, various degrees according to the proportion of forage and hay

39
Q

dark/bloody manure = ?

A

hemorrhage (mycotoxins, coccidiosis, etc.)

40
Q

light green yellowish manure = ?

A

bacterial infections (salmonella)

when in doubt: salmonella

41
Q

What does manure consistency depend on?

A

water content and a function of feed moisture

42
Q

What is the normal consistency of dairy cattle shit?

A

sigh

porridge-like consistency and forms a dome-shaped pile of 1-2 inches high

yum.

43
Q

If cow shit is not consistent = ?

A

diarrhea–>poisoning, infection, parasites, extensive hindgut fermentation of carbs

44
Q

loose cow feces = ?

A

heat stress

45
Q

solid cow feces = ?

A

dehydration

46
Q

What do large proportions of undigested grain or forage in cow poop mean?

A

poor rumen fermentation or hindgut/large intestine fermentation

47
Q

Large particles or undigested grains in shit =

A

cows not ruminating properly or rumen passage is accelerated

48
Q

large amount of undigested grain in shit =

A

improper grain processing (hard kernels from corn silage)

49
Q

Manure scoring, because that’s actually a thing

A

1 and 5 are not desirable and may reflect a health problem besides dairy limitations
4 may reflect a need to rebalance the ration

50
Q 
Manure scoring:
fresh cows = 
early lactation cows =
late lactation cows =
far off dry cows =
close up dry cows =
A 
2-2.5
2.5-3
3-3.5
3-4
2.5-3.5
51
Q

When are metabolic diseases/nutritional disorders more common?

A

around parturition or peak lactation

52
Q

Displaed abomasum: 5 facts

A

1) aka twisted stomach
2) abomasum moves to abnormal position in the body cavity
3) DA is normally to the left side
4) normally occurs in the first months of lactation
5) causes not very clear–related to amount of fiber in diet

53
Q

5 symptoms of DA

A

1) discomfort and pain
2) reduced intake of food/water
3) reduced milk yield
4) reduced volume of feces, dark colored feces
5) ‘ping’ (with stethoscope) over right rib cage instead of normal thudding

54
Q

Treatment of DA

A

walking and exercise
roll cow
surgery–suture abomasum to body wall
if right sided: conduct surgery immediately

55
Q

prevention of DA

A

dry cows diet should contain adequate fiber in amount and particle size
gradual adjustment of cows to diets high on cereals

56
Q

Ketosis (acetonemia): 5 facts

A

1) results from impaired carbs and VFA metabolism
2) high blood ketone level and low blood glucose
3) normally occurs when energy needs are above energy intake
4) common in high producing cows
5) can also occur as a complication of placenta retention or metritis

57
Q

6 symptoms of ketosis

A

1) reduced feed intake and milk yield
2) cows appear starved, depressed, dull
3) rumen inactive
4) acetone odor in breath, milk and urine
5) weight loss
6) unexplained increase in milk fat content

58
Q

causes of ketosis (2)

A

glucose needed for maintenance is drained through milk production
inadequate energy intake at calving

59
Q

Treatment/prevention of ketosis

A

Treatment:

1) IV treatment of dextrose to increase blood sugar
2) drenching: oral admin of propylene glycol to provide glucose precursors

Prevention:

1) avoid overfeeding/overconditioning
2) increase grain after calving
3) avoid abrupt ration changes
4) feed good quality forages
5) do drenching as a routine

60
Q

Grass tetany: 3 facts

A

1) caused by inadequate blood magnesium levels
2) potentially fatal
3) most common in lactating animals grazing on rapidly growing lush pastures during the beginning of pasture season

61
Q

4 symptoms of grass tetany?

A

1) stiff movement
2) loss of appetite
3) frequent urination
4) convulsions

62
Q

Major cause of grass tetany:

A

grazing lush, spring pastures with wheat or rye with low levels of Mg and high levels of K

63
Q

Treatment/prevention of grass tetany

A

Treatment: inject Mg sulphate under the skin

Prevention

1) provide adequate Mg daily during high risk period
2) use mineral blocks and give balanced diet
3) use legumes in pastures (higher Mg content than cereals)

64
Q

T/F: symptoms of hardware disease are loss of appetite, digestive problems, and tendency to stand with front feet elevated

A

TRUE

65
Q

Treatment/prevention of hardware disease

A

Treatment = surgery

Prevention

1) good feed bunk management
2) magnets in the reticulum and feed processing equipment

66
Q

T/F: Lactic acidosis is the most important metabolic disease

A

TRUE

67
Q

T/F: Lactic acidosis results from abnormal fermentation in the rumen

A

TRUE

68
Q

Is the clinical or subclinical form of LA more severe?

A

clinical–rumen pH drops below 5; surges when cow suddenly gorges on large quantities of grain–feedlot cattle

69
Q

T/F: subclinical acidosis, rumen pH 5-5.5 is more common in dairy cattle

A

TRUE–caused by rations too high on grains, lack of effective fiber

70
Q

8 symptoms of LA

A

1) loss of appetite
2) high pulse rate
3) diarrhea
4) low skin temp
5) dehydration
6) drop in urine pH
7) low rumen pH
8) hooves become tender and grow abnormally (laminitis)

71
Q

Treatment of LA?

A

force-feed buffers to stabilize pH

feed only forage for a few days, then gradually reintroduce grain

72
Q

prevention of LA?

A

include appropriate levels of fiber
use adequate particle size for TMR
adjust cows to high-grain diet by gradually increasing grain
adding grain to dry cow rations before calving
feeding buffers to help maintain rumen pH

73
Q

Milk fever: 5 facts

A

1) known as parturient paresis
2) occurs in mature cows within 48 hrs after calving
3) low blood Ca, lack of muscle strength and contractility
4) Ca intake is not sufficient for high milk production and starts depleting bone reserves
5) older animals and Jerseys are more susceptible

74
Q

MF symptoms (8)

Treatment?

A

1) hind limb stiffness
2) partial paralysis
3) unable to rise
4) dry muzzle
5) reduced rumen movement
6) slow respiration
7) low body temp and cold ears

trtmt: calcium salts IV

75
Q

prevention of MF (3)

A

1) avoid excess Ca intake during the dry period
2) low dietary Ca in the dry period will condition the cow to draw Ca from bone
3) supplement large quantities of vitamin D 2-3 days before calving (more is toxic)

76
Q

Nitrate poisoning: 5 facts

A

1) occurs when excess nitrates in feed or water are converted to nitrites by the microorganisms in the rumen
2) nitrite will be absorbed interacting with hemoglobin reducing oxygen carrying capacity to the tissues
3) caused by drought–>excessive amount of nitrates in pasture
4) common in green cut forages
5) not so common in silages–>fermentation reduces nitrates

77
Q

NP–symptoms

A 
accelerated resp and pulse
diarrhea
frequent urination
depressed appetite
general weakness
trembling, staggering
frothing at the mouth
dark blood
78
Q

NP–treatment and prevention

A

Treatment–normally when detected it is too late
prevention
1) use silage
2) including high energy feeds (grain) in ration
3) analyze feeds and water if it’s a common problem in the region

79
Q

Bloat: aka ___, occurs with ___

A

ruminal tympany

excessive accumulation of gas in the rumen

80
Q

Prevention of bloat

A

gradual diet adaptation, feed dry hay before pasturing animals

Nutrition (2 decks)

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