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ANS 41 > Dairy Nutrition > Flashcards

Dairy Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

GI Tract

A
  • 50 gallon rumen
  • microbes produce VFAs (butyric, acetic, propionic acid)
  • microbes also produce H2 and CO2, which form methane, released thru eructation
  • if no eructation, rumen pH would decrease
  • can’t reduce methane to 0% (biological need for eructation); want to reduce to 30-40%
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2
Q

Rumination

A
  • shortens long particle length of grasses so microbes can access it
  • eat for 20-30 mins
  • lie down and ruminate
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3
Q

Lactation Cycle Phases

A
  • peak: day 60; after, lactation decreases
  • dry matter intake increases with lactation increase
  • when mammal first has offspring, focus goes into producing milk for offspring
  • body weight decreases at beginning of lactation and slowly increases
  • late lactation period: body weight increases bcs cow has another growing calf inside her
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4
Q

Roughages

A
  • fiber (helps w/ regular digestion in humans, can be broken down by ruminants
  • 50% roughages, 50% concentrates
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5
Q

Byproducts

A
  • things that come from agriculture that are not the main intended purpose of producing that plant
  • at least 20% of the plant material produced in CA that would otherwise be thrown away is given to cows
  • high quality nutrition and why CA has so many dairy cattle
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6
Q

Total Mixed Ration (TMR)

A
  • formulated diet for each individual dairy
  • contingent on feed availability that dairy has access to
  • can be different based on yr
  • diet from nutritionist
  • rare to have whole herd on same diet
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7
Q

Roughages

A
  • primary source of food for dairy cattle
  • pasture; harvested and preserved legumes and grasses
  • bulky feeds, high crude fiber, low energy, protein content varies
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8
Q

Preserving Roughages

A
  • want to avoid spoilage caused by rains, pests, etc.
  • 1000 head dairy in CA has $2M worth of feed on premises at any time
  • silage and hay for feed preservation
  • half of dairy feeding ration stored in hay or silage
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9
Q

Alfalfa Hay

A
  • legume
  • high in protein due to symbiosis w/ nitrogen-fixing rhizobium microbes
  • very expensive
  • grown in SoCal, where water limited (but alfalfa needs a lot of water)
  • chop alfalfa, let it dry until it has right DM content, then bale it, store in dry storage space (doesn’t rot bcs low moisture content)
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10
Q

Silage

A
  • whole (corn) plant chopped into 1-in pieces, then dumped on ground (1-2 ft thick)
  • tractor drives over silage to get air out (1 ft thick)
  • repeat process until pile of 40,000 tons of feed
  • need to get air out (anaerobic conditions in silage prevent aerobic microbes from multiplying)
  • white tarp on top, tires on top of tarp to weigh down against silage so no O2 gets in
  • takes 4 days for aerobic microbes to eat all oxygen and sugars in silage, then die
  • aerobic replaced by lactic acid forming microbes, which produce lactic acid and decrease silage pH from 7 to 4
  • nothing else can grow in silage bcs it’s so acidic
  • silage can be stored for over 10 yrs (once 500)
  • # 1 silage in CA is corn silage
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11
Q

Concentrates - Energy

A
  • cereal grains, molasses, fats/oils, etc.
  • high digestibility (roughages are low digestibility)
  • low in crude fiber (roughages are high)
  • moderate protein content
  • high energy content, so added to TMR to incr energy intake
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12
Q

Concentrates - Protein

A
  • animal origin: blood meal, bone meal, fish meal, dry milk powder
  • plant origin: soybean/cottonseed/canola meal; sunflower seed/cottonseed
  • dried distillers grains (DDG)
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13
Q

Dried Distillers Grains (DDG)

A
  • most often fed
  • majority of corn grown in US goes to fuel
  • 5-10% of gasoline is ethanol, which comes from corn
  • the solids from ethanol become DDG –> livestock feed
  • 40% of corn produced goes to fuel
  • 5% to cattle
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14
Q

Lipids

A
  • seeds (cottonseed, soybeans)
  • byproducts (DDG)
  • supplements (tallow, white/yellow grease, lard, veggie blends)
  • energy dense (9 kcal/g vs 4 kcal/g for carbs and proteins
  • not to exceed 6% of DM in diet
  • ruminant vs. non-ruminant
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15
Q

Vitamins

A
  • organic compounds req’d in trace amts for normal metabolism
  • in general, body can’t synthesize the vitamins in quantities sufficient to meet reqs
  • non-ruminants obtain all vitamins from diet
  • dairy cattle don’t need B vitamins from diet but need A, D, E, K from diet (fat-soluble vitamins)
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16
Q

Minerals

A
  • 21 minerals are nutritionally essential
  • macro minerals: animal needs more intake
  • micro minerals: animal needs less intake
  • low absorption rate (organic trace mineral)
  • ranches know what minerals they’re deficient in (soil-wise) and supplement accordingly
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17
Q

Water

A
  • available, convenient at all times
  • clean and fresh
  • at least one water space (or 2 ft of accessible tank perimeter) should be provided for every 15-20 cows
  • 2+ watering locations for larger groups of animals
18
Q

Byproducts

A
  • a secondary product derived from manufacturing process
  • DDGs, almond/soy hulls, citrus/beet pulp, tomato pomace, etc.
19
Q

3 Months Before Calving

A
  • roughage
  • group feeding
  • starter should be high in energy and 15-18% CP
  • hay, hay and grain, or all grain + protein pellet mix
20
Q

Heifers 3 Months Before Calving

A
  • heifers make satisfactory growth on good to high quality roughage alone
  • w/ low quality roughage, add some concentrate
  • feeding goal is for sufficient size at 14-15 mo of age to allow breeding (so 1st calves are at 2 years)
  • concentrates fed prior to calving to meet fetus needs and heifer development/growth to continue
21
Q

Last Few Weeks Before Calving

A
  • add concentrates in 2-3 weeks pre-calving (5-8 lbs per cow per day)
  • want to accustom heifers and cows to lactating diet
  • benefits: adjust microbial population to fresh cow diet and reduce incidence of ketosis
  • reduce Ca in diet so that cow mobilizes Ca from her own body reserves –> reduces milk fever
22
Q

Springer

A
  • heifers w/in 2-3 mo of calving
23
Q

Milk Fever

A
  • cows can’t mobilize enough Ca at calving for milk production
24
Q

Feeding Lactating Cows

A
  • cows should have good body condition score of about 3.75
  • lose 1 BCS after calving/during milk production
  • body fat mobilization
  • loss of body weight must be restored prior to next lactation
  • losing body structure because they’re mobilizing fat – need to compensate for that
  • energy intake deficiency is the main concern, as that will cause the animal to mobilize too much of her own body reserves
25
Q

Feeding Early Lactation Cows

A
  • fresh cows should receive high quality forage
  • 40-50% concentrates to supply high energy intake
  • problems: milk fat depression and off feed problems
26
Q

Feeding Mid Lactation Cows

A
  • 100-200 days of lactation
  • peak DMI occur in this period
  • main goal: maintain peak milk production as long as possible and minimize decrease trend in milk curve (bcs no longer using rbST)
  • high quality forage and concentrates
27
Q

Feeding Late Lactation Cows

A
  • fed slightly above requirements for milk production
  • restore body condition by dry period
  • replace weight loss
  • replenish Ca and P reserves for milk and bone production (otherwise, deficient animals use Ca and P from their own bones)
28
Q

First and Second Lactating Cows

A
  • feed 1st and 2nd lactating cows differently than mature cows
  • increase requirements by 20% for 1st and 10% for 2nd lactation to allow for body growth
  • nutritional requirements increase for increasing maturity of cows
  • 2.5 lactations per cow in CA because many dairies replace cows before 3rd lactation
  • doesn’t make sense bcs they’re not fully developed
  • other dairy cows have 5-6 lactations before replaced
29
Q

Dry Period

A
  • rest before next lactation
  • repair and regeneration of secretory cells of udder
  • development of unborn calf
  • results in more milk yield in succeeding lactations
  • recommended length is 45-60 days
  • done through complete cessation of milking or incomplete milking
30
Q

Early Dry Period

A
  • fed mainly roughage
  • watch energy intake to avoid fat cows and dystocia
  • good mix: 30% legume and 70% non-legume w/ added trace minerals
  • an all-legume diet is high in Ca and protein
  • non-legume diet is low in protein and minerals
31
Q

Feeding the Calf

A
  • consistency is key to establish gut microbiome
  • colostrum w/in 5 hrs of birth and from days 1-3 at 6% of body weight
  • keep consistent feeding frequency and milk temperature (warm or cold, but not both)
  • clean water available at all times (if unclean, can get scours)
  • individual feeding for health and management reasons
  • choice of milk or milk replacer
  • protein: 20% CP if milk-based or 22% CP if soy-based
  • 10-20% fat (esp animal fat)
  • carbohydrate (lactose or dextrose, not starch
32
Q

Bloat

A
  • excessive gas in the rumen
33
Q

Hardware Disease

A
  • less nutritional than it is bcs animals ingest things they shouldn’t
  • nails, screws, plastic – esp metal pieces that accumulate in the rumen
  • metal pieces can pierce thru rumen wall and possibly hit the heart
  • prevention: put magnet in cow and attract all the metal to keep the metal together
34
Q

Ketosis/Acidosis

A
  • most common metabolic disease in high-performance dairy cows during the first 6-8 weeks of lactation
  • energy demands exceed energy intake and result in production of toxic ketones
  • keep up energy intake to prevent ketosis
35
Q

Lactic Acid Acidosis

A
  • ingestion of large amounts of highly fermentable, carbohydrate-rich feeds, which result in the excessive production and accumulation of acids in the rumen
36
Q

Displaced Abomasum (LDA or RDA)

A
  • LDA: the abomasum moves to the left of its normal position, becoming trapped between the rumen and the left abdominal wall
  • RDA: abomasum moves to the right of its normal position
37
Q

Hypocalcemia (Milk Fever)

A
  • sudden decrease in serum calcium levels that occurs in the production of colostrum and milk in early stages of lactation
38
Q

Free Stall Barn

A
  • 98% of lagoon is water, 2% is manure
  • lactating cows in free stall barn
39
Q

Dry Lot Corrals

A
  • dry lot corrals for dry cows and heifers; manure dried out and sanitized for cow bedding
  • advantage of dry lot corrals; can see estrus behaviors (mounting) easier than in free stall barn
40
Q

Covered Lagoon

A
  • costs in the millions to make
  • biogas bulging out
  • 60-70% is methane
  • biogas is cleaned and made into transportation fuels
  • people say they don’t like anaerobic digesters/covered lagoons because only 2000+ cow dairies can afford them
  • but good way to deal with large dairy emissions
  • farmers incentivized to reduce emissions
  • half of dairies in CA will produce biogas and continue to replace diesel in 5 yrs
  • digester company puts in covered lagoon, maintains it, and gets big % of sales from biogas; dairies give manure and get some money (takes dairies 4-5 yrs to break even and start making profits)
41
Q

Methane Reduction in CA

A
  • 2% of all taxpayer dollars used to reduce methane goes into dairy sector
  • leads to 30% of all methane reductions in the state

ANS 41 (7 decks)

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