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RUSVM Nutrition Final > Dairy Cattle > Flashcards

Dairy Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

How many calves per year per cow is the objective

A

1 calf/cow per year

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2
Q

T/F: Milk is produced year round and cows are milked year round

A

FALSE

  • Milk is produced year round
  • COWS ARE MILKED 10 MONTH/YR
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3
Q

Define grazing

A

Animals feed on pasture and are supplemented with grain/hay during winter

-low yield animals

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4
Q

How often should cows be milked?

A

q12 hrs

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5
Q

Four factors of quality in milk (affects price)

A
  1. volume
  2. fat content
  3. protein content
  4. Somatic Cell Count
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6
Q

What percent of dairy farms are family owned

A

97%

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7
Q

Average size of dairy herd

A

179 cows

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8
Q

How much milk will a dairy cow produce on average per day

A

6.5 gallows (24-25 L)

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9
Q

Gestation period for dairy cattle

A

280 days

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10
Q

Lactation period for dairy cattle

A

304 days, milking begins when calf is born

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11
Q

Dry period after cow’s lactation period

A

60 days

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12
Q

How many days after parturition is a dairy cow inseminated again?

A

85 days

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13
Q

What happens at the end of the dry period

A

Parturition

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14
Q

Female calves are kept on ____artificial/mother’s_____ milk

A

female calves are kept on artificial milk

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15
Q

Female calves are weaned at _________ days and reared for another _____ days

A

Female calves are weaned at 35-45 days and reared for another 420 days

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16
Q

Why would every cow lose weight during their FIRST lactation phase?

A

In a negative energy balance

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17
Q

Life span of dairy cattle and profitable for how many lactations?

A

Life span of 20 years

profitable for 3-5 lactations

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18
Q

After the profitable lactation period, what CS will you likely see

A

Lameness, Mastitis, Infertility

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19
Q

A cow in lactation fed correctly will use what percent feed for maintenance and what percent feed for milk production?

A

50/50

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20
Q

Lactation peaks at ___ - ____ weeks

A

4 to 10 weeks

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21
Q

Fat and protein content _____ until week 10 and then _______

A

Decrease until week 10, then stabilize

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22
Q

T/F: Milk production is always limited by genetic and environmental components (25% genetic, 75% environment)

A

True

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23
Q

What are nutrients used for in dairy cows

A
  • growth (immature animals)
  • Pregnancy (esp last 3 months)
  • Fattening
  • Regaining weight lost in lactation
  • Maintenance
  • Lactation and milk production
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24
Q

T/F: Dairy cattle are fed only roughages (pasture, hay, silage)

A

False,

because milk production is very demanding, dairy cattle have to be supplemented w/ concentrate feeding and/or grains

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25
What percent of dry matter should come from roughages (and the rest from concentrates or grain)
60-80%
26
Ideal to produce hay around:
mid-spring
27
Moisture content of hay when bailed
20% or less
28
As crops mature cows will eat ___more/less___ of the green chop
LESS | leads to lower energy intake
29
What feed type is preserved in low oxygen concentrations (anaerobic)?
Silage Also more moisture content
30
T/F: Corn silage is NOT very palatable
false, corn silage IS very palatable
31
T/F: corn silage must be supplemented because it is low in protein and minerals
True; | 8% protein Low mineral also contains 50% grain in a DM basis
32
______ is the non-grain part of crop of wheat or oats
straw
33
________ is: - low in energy, protein, minerals, vitamins - cows must be supplemented with concentrates - little nutritional value - mainly used to add fiber - Cheap alternative for feeding dry cows and old heifers
STRAW
34
Pasture is ideal for:
dry cows and old heifers
35
Feeding pasture to lactating cows may cause:
- Decrease in milk production, milk fat, grain intake - bloat - flavors in milk - watery feces after heavy rainfall - difficulty getting cows into milking parlor
36
Limit grazing time to _____ hours a day
Limit grazing to **1 to 2 hours** per day - feed dry forage before allowing cows on pasture - bring cows to barn several hours before feeding, feed silage/hay at same time
37
T/F: energy content of cereals (if low) is the LIMITING FACTOR in milk production
TRUE
38
Cereal grains contain ______% TDN (total digestible nutrients)
70 to 80
39
T/F: processed grains are more digestible if rolled, ground, or pelleted
true
40
Consequences of feeding fine grains
- lower digestibility --> lower milk fat | - may lead to acidosis because digested much faster
41
_____% TDN for corn and corn cob meal
90%
42
T/F cows feed better when corn is used in rations
True
43
Compare oats to corn - Energy content - Protein - Digestibility
- lower energy - higher protein - lower digestibility should not replace more than half of corn in the ration
44
Barley has the same overall energy value for dairy cattle as ______ but has a ____ protein content
Corn | Higher protein content
45
T/F: Wheat is used in dairy rations because it is low in price
FALSE; high in price not used for dairy rations
46
What is the expensive part of ration
Protein supplements Hold as low as possible to keep costs low
47
Six protein sources
1. corn gluten meal 2. distillers dried grains (DDG) 3. soybean meal 4. sunflower meal 5. linseed meal 6. cottonseed meal
48
Which protein source is most palatable
Soybean meal
49
limit corn gluten meal to ____ lbs per head/day
5 lbs
50
Which protein source has highest crude protein content
Corn Gluten (40-60%) Cottonseed is also high
51
Which protein source is a laxative
Linseed meal
52
Which protein source may constipate
cottonseed meal
53
Too much urea is toxic, you want no more that ___ lb/head/day
0.4 lb
54
Which calcium source is no longer legal
steamed bone meal
55
Two sources of calcium
Dicalcium phosphate | limestone
56
Ca:P ratio should be
Anywhere from 1.2 : 1.0 to 1.2 : 2.1
57
Milk is ___% water
85%
58
___________ need water in relation to size more than any other farm animal
Lactating cows
59
Dairy cows suffer more from lack of _____ than from lack of any other nutrients
water
60
pH of rumen
6.5
61
Four basic groups that can survive in rumen
bacteria protozoa fungi viruses
62
How is cellulose and hemicellulose digested to extract energy
Microorganisms secrete enzymes allowing digestion
63
3 VFA that can be absorbed by animal and used as energy
Acetate Propionate Butyrate
64
T/F: Microorganisms can convert inexpensive N sources to protein, can make their own B vitamins, and can breakdown toxins from plants
True

RUSVM Nutrition Final (3 decks)

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