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RUSVM Nutrition Final > Dairy Cattle > Flashcards

Dairy Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

How many calves per year per cow is the objective

A

1 calf/cow per year

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2
Q

T/F: Milk is produced year round and cows are milked year round

A

FALSE

  • Milk is produced year round
  • COWS ARE MILKED 10 MONTH/YR
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3
Q

Define grazing

A

Animals feed on pasture and are supplemented with grain/hay during winter

-low yield animals

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4
Q

How often should cows be milked?

A

q12 hrs

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5
Q

Four factors of quality in milk (affects price)

A
  1. volume
  2. fat content
  3. protein content
  4. Somatic Cell Count
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6
Q

What percent of dairy farms are family owned

A

97%

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7
Q

Average size of dairy herd

A

179 cows

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8
Q

How much milk will a dairy cow produce on average per day

A

6.5 gallows (24-25 L)

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9
Q

Gestation period for dairy cattle

A

280 days

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10
Q

Lactation period for dairy cattle

A

304 days, milking begins when calf is born

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11
Q

Dry period after cow’s lactation period

A

60 days

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12
Q

How many days after parturition is a dairy cow inseminated again?

A

85 days

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13
Q

What happens at the end of the dry period

A

Parturition

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14
Q

Female calves are kept on ____artificial/mother’s_____ milk

A

female calves are kept on artificial milk

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15
Q

Female calves are weaned at _________ days and reared for another _____ days

A

Female calves are weaned at 35-45 days and reared for another 420 days

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16
Q

Why would every cow lose weight during their FIRST lactation phase?

A

In a negative energy balance

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17
Q

Life span of dairy cattle and profitable for how many lactations?

A

Life span of 20 years

profitable for 3-5 lactations

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18
Q

After the profitable lactation period, what CS will you likely see

A

Lameness, Mastitis, Infertility

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19
Q

A cow in lactation fed correctly will use what percent feed for maintenance and what percent feed for milk production?

A

50/50

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20
Q

Lactation peaks at ___ - ____ weeks

A

4 to 10 weeks

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21
Q

Fat and protein content _____ until week 10 and then _______

A

Decrease until week 10, then stabilize

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22
Q

T/F: Milk production is always limited by genetic and environmental components (25% genetic, 75% environment)

A

True

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23
Q

What are nutrients used for in dairy cows

A
  • growth (immature animals)
  • Pregnancy (esp last 3 months)
  • Fattening
  • Regaining weight lost in lactation
  • Maintenance
  • Lactation and milk production
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24
Q

T/F: Dairy cattle are fed only roughages (pasture, hay, silage)

A

False,

because milk production is very demanding, dairy cattle have to be supplemented w/ concentrate feeding and/or grains

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25
Q

What percent of dry matter should come from roughages (and the rest from concentrates or grain)

A

60-80%

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26
Q

Ideal to produce hay around:

A

mid-spring

27
Q

Moisture content of hay when bailed

A

20% or less

28
Q

As crops mature cows will eat ___more/less___ of the green chop

A

LESS

leads to lower energy intake

29
Q

What feed type is preserved in low oxygen concentrations (anaerobic)?

A

Silage

Also more moisture content

30
Q

T/F: Corn silage is NOT very palatable

A

false, corn silage IS very palatable

31
Q

T/F: corn silage must be supplemented because it is low in protein and minerals

A

True;

8% protein
Low mineral
also contains 50% grain in a DM basis

32
Q

______ is the non-grain part of crop of wheat or oats

A

straw

33
Q

________ is:

  • low in energy, protein, minerals, vitamins
  • cows must be supplemented with concentrates
  • little nutritional value
  • mainly used to add fiber
  • Cheap alternative for feeding dry cows and old heifers
A

STRAW

34
Q

Pasture is ideal for:

A

dry cows and old heifers

35
Q

Feeding pasture to lactating cows may cause:

A
  • Decrease in milk production, milk fat, grain intake
  • bloat
  • flavors in milk
  • watery feces after heavy rainfall
  • difficulty getting cows into milking parlor
36
Q

Limit grazing time to _____ hours a day

A

Limit grazing to 1 to 2 hours per day

  • feed dry forage before allowing cows on pasture
  • bring cows to barn several hours before feeding, feed silage/hay at same time
37
Q

T/F: energy content of cereals (if low) is the LIMITING FACTOR in milk production

A

TRUE

38
Q

Cereal grains contain ______% TDN (total digestible nutrients)

A

70 to 80

39
Q

T/F: processed grains are more digestible if rolled, ground, or pelleted

A

true

40
Q

Consequences of feeding fine grains

A
  • lower digestibility –> lower milk fat

- may lead to acidosis because digested much faster

41
Q

_____% TDN for corn and corn cob meal

A

90%

42
Q

T/F cows feed better when corn is used in rations

A

True

43
Q

Compare oats to corn

  • Energy content
  • Protein
  • Digestibility
A
  • lower energy
  • higher protein
  • lower digestibility

should not replace more than half of corn in the ration

44
Q

Barley has the same overall energy value for dairy cattle as ______ but has a ____ protein content

A

Corn

Higher protein content

45
Q

T/F: Wheat is used in dairy rations because it is low in price

A

FALSE; high in price not used for dairy rations

46
Q

What is the expensive part of ration

A

Protein supplements

Hold as low as possible to keep costs low

47
Q

Six protein sources

A
  1. corn gluten meal
  2. distillers dried grains (DDG)
  3. soybean meal
  4. sunflower meal
  5. linseed meal
  6. cottonseed meal
48
Q

Which protein source is most palatable

A

Soybean meal

49
Q

limit corn gluten meal to ____ lbs per head/day

A

5 lbs

50
Q

Which protein source has highest crude protein content

A

Corn Gluten (40-60%)

Cottonseed is also high

51
Q

Which protein source is a laxative

A

Linseed meal

52
Q

Which protein source may constipate

A

cottonseed meal

53
Q

Too much urea is toxic, you want no more that ___ lb/head/day

A

0.4 lb

54
Q

Which calcium source is no longer legal

A

steamed bone meal

55
Q

Two sources of calcium

A

Dicalcium phosphate

limestone

56
Q

Ca:P ratio should be

A

Anywhere from 1.2 : 1.0 to 1.2 : 2.1

57
Q

Milk is ___% water

A

85%

58
Q

___________ need water in relation to size more than any other farm animal

A

Lactating cows

59
Q

Dairy cows suffer more from lack of _____ than from lack of any other nutrients

A

water

60
Q

pH of rumen

A

6.5

61
Q

Four basic groups that can survive in rumen

A

bacteria
protozoa
fungi
viruses

62
Q

How is cellulose and hemicellulose digested to extract energy

A

Microorganisms secrete enzymes allowing digestion

63
Q

3 VFA that can be absorbed by animal and used as energy

A

Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate

64
Q

T/F: Microorganisms can convert inexpensive N sources to protein, can make their own B vitamins, and can breakdown toxins from plants

A

True

RUSVM Nutrition Final (3 decks)

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