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Botany > dairy calf to beef > Flashcards

dairy calf to beef Flashcards

1
Q

what % of EU beef carcasses now originates from progeny derived from the dairy herd.

A

60%

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2
Q

what is Successful calf rearing is critical for

A

profitable dairy beef production

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3
Q

what is the aim of successful calf rearing

A

to produce a healthy calf which
is capable of optimum performance throughout its life from birth
through to finishing.

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4
Q

A suitable calf rearing system has the following characteristics:(3)

A
  1. Good animal performance with minimal disease and morbidity
  2. Low cost input
  3. Low labour input
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5
Q

how many phases is the 12wk calf rearing programme

A

3

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6
Q

phase 1: 0-4 weeks

A

Calf depend on a liquid diets (milk or M.R.) has the necessary enzymes to
utilise their constituents- protein, fat and carbohydrates

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7
Q

phase 2: 4-8 weeks

A

Developing rumen function part of the diet will be solids.
The intake of conc. will depend on the amount of liquid diet fed daily

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8
Q

Phase 3: 8 weeks onwards

A

The calf can effectively utilise dry food and no longer depends on a liquid diet
Essential that the calf is eating sufficient concentrates (>1 kg/d) before being
weaned of the liquid diet

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9
Q

Feeding schedule for restricted bucket
feeding

A

1-4 days : fed colostrum (10% BW)
5-6 days : whole milk - 2 feeds a day (start introducing conc)
7-49 : WM/MR - 4L/d (2 feeds) - ad lib conc
50-56 - same but 1 feed a day
57+ - no milk - up to 2kg conc

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10
Q

Once or twice a day feeding

  • by what % are labour inputs reduced ?
    -is there any difference in calves fed once or twice a day
  • how many times a day should calves be checked
A

*No difference between calves fed on teats either once or twice daily
*Labour inputs can be reduced by up to 25%.
* Important not to compromise on calf health inspection
*Calves should be checked at least twice per day for signs of ill health

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11
Q

Target live weights for bull calves sourced
from the dairy herd (1wk of age to 15)

A

1 week - 50kg
6 weeks- 70-75kg (0.7 kg/day LW)
12 weeks - 100kg (0.7 kg/day LW)
15 weeks 120 kg (0.8 kg/day LW)

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12
Q

The target length in weeks is to get the calf to grow from 40 - 45 kg at birth to about 100 kg

how can this be achieved

A

15 weeks

This can be achieved with inputs of about 25 kg of milk replacer and 125 kg of
concentrates.

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13
Q

Guideline for buying calves (2)

A
  • Buy a strong healthy calf of at least 1 to 2 wks old
  • Never buy calf a few days old regardless of price
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14
Q

Prior to purchase thoroughly examine the calf (4)

A
  1. No discharge from the eyes or nose
  2. The naval is not damp or swollen
  3. No sign of scour
  4. Skin is loose and easily pinched between fingers
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15
Q

what sort of liquid should a calf get on arrive of new home

A
  • Milk should not be offered as they may not digest it properly if
    stressed
  • 2ltrs of electrolyte solution after resting for 2-3 hours
  • Multi vitamin injection within 2 days of arrival and again 10d later
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16
Q

Healthy calf will have:

A

*An alert appearance
*Bright eyes
*Shiny Coat
*Loose skin
*Keen interest in its
surroundings
*When disturbed will rise, arch
its back and stretch its limbs
*Normal body temp. (38.6oC to
39.3oC)
*Normal respiration rate

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17
Q

Sick calf may have 1 or more of the following

A

*Off food
*Dull and slow in movement
*Tends to lie down alot
*Drooping ears
*Sunken eyes
*Empty, tucked up abdomen
*Tight skin
*Scouring
*Running eyes
*Open mouth
*Discharge form nose
*Abnormal breathing
*Raised temperature (39.5oC or higher)

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18
Q

Maintaining the calf in a healthy condition for how long has a crucial impact on the economics of calf rearing

A

first 3 months

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19
Q

Calf mortality should not exceed ??% in the period before weaning.

A

3%

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20
Q

what are the commonest causes of mortality

A

diarrhoea and pneumonia

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21
Q

how may Nutritional Diarrhoea be caused(3)

A

*A sudden change in diet
*Incorrectly prepared milk replacer or inadequate mixing of the product.
*Lack of clotting of milk due to protein damage

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22
Q

Infectious diarrhoea - causes (3)

A

Viral –Coronavirus, Rotavirus

Bacterial sp –Collibacillosis- E. Coli, Salmonella - Salmonella

Protozoal –Cryptosporidia, Coccidiosis

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23
Q

Calf pneumonia - causes (2)

A
  1. Viral
    - infective bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
    - respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
    - parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3)
  2. Bacterial
    - Mycoplasma sp., Pasteurella sp
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24
Q

Calf house must satisfy the calf’s requirement .
list the 4 requirments

A

*A dry bed
*A draught free environment at calf level
*Adequate cubic air capacity
*A well ventilated environment

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25
Q

recommended bedded area for loose calves

A

Live weight kg:
60 - 1.5m2
85 - 1.8m2
140- 2.4m2

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26
Q

minimum air space for housed calves

A

Live weight kg:
60 –6m3
61-85 –10m3
86-140–13m3

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27
Q

what is the floor area per calf

A

1.6 m2 in pen

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28
Q

cubic air capacity per calf

A

6-8 m3

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29
Q

advantage of high ventilation rate

A
  1. Prevents build-up of airborne disease organisms in
    the house
  2. Removes moisture produced by the calves and by water spillage assisting in reducing the relative humidity in the house
  3. Removes airborne dust from straw and meals and
  4. Prevents build-up of irritant gases and smells in the house
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30
Q

comparison of indoor vs outdoor reared calves

A

indoor:
- weaning weight: 69kg

outdoor:
- 71kg

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31
Q

name the 4 compartments of the stomach

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

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32
Q

what is most developed at the start

A

abomasum

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33
Q

what enzymes are found in abomasum

A

❖enzymes: rennin, pepsin, lactase, lipase

34
Q

how many weeks before rumen well enough developed to allow weaning

A

8 weeks

35
Q

it is essential that the ration for calf is: (3)

A
  1. palatable - the calf should be encouraged to eat the ration starting as early as possible
  2. high quality - the ration should be highly digestible in energy and protein and contain the necessary amounts of other nutrients
    except fibre which is provided by a roughage source
  3. Competitively priced - the cost per kg gain must be considered
36
Q

Concentrate diets for the young calf the main
factors to be considered are: (4)

A
  1. That the required nutrients are included, i.e. adequate protein, energy, vitamins and minerals.
  2. That all ingredients used are palatable and do not contain any toxic substances
  3. The physical form of the diet should be dust-free and of coarse texture.

(4) The diet should be palatable.

37
Q

what is incorporated into calf concentrate diet to improve palatability.

A

Products such as molasses, molasine meal or yeast cultures

38
Q

Concentrate composition

A

– CP: 17-18%
– high energy (0.95 UFL/kg, 11 MJ of ME/kg)
– oil: less than 4%, with no added fat
– fibre: high enough to prevent digestive upsets (8 - 10%)
– texture: preferably coarse

39
Q

what does Reducing Age of Slaughter from pastoral based farm system do

A

Reducing Age of Slaughter from pastoral
based farm system increases variation in
achieving market spec carcass

40
Q

what effects of early-life nutrition on
key profit traits in cattle can be seen

A

Pre-natal v post-natal effects on tissue
growth/composition

41
Q

Every additional kg of milk resulted in

A

+6.5 kg in weaning weight
+ 5.2 kg in slaughter weight
+2.72 kg in carcass weight

42
Q

Early life growth and relationships with carcass weight

A
  • Calf ADG (up to 12-15 wks) R-square = 0.41
  • Adding ADG from 12-15 wks to 8 months to
    equation R-square only increased to 0.45
43
Q

Nutritional manipulation during early calf life can enhance

A

tissue hyperplasia and hypertrophy

44
Q

what is post natal growth dictated by

A

an increase in muscle fiber size

45
Q

what is Adipocyte development
- characterized by?
- dictated by?
- Adiposity and cellular differentiation ____ postnatally

A

hyperplastic growth.

Dictated by differentiation of stem cells into mature adipocytes

Adiposity and cellular differentiation declines postnatally

46
Q

what does Conventional feeding systems typically support a growth rate of

and during what period

A

growth rate of 0.2 to 0.6kg/d during the preweaning period (2 to 3 mo of age)

47
Q

Intensive enhanced feeding programs targeting to achieve in excess of

A

> 0.8 kg/d BW gain

48
Q

Factors affecting pre-weaning growth (5)

A
  • Health status of calf
  • Cow milk yield/quantity of CMR offered
  • Composition of CMR
  • Effective rumen development
  • Genetic potential
49
Q

Factors affecting Ig concentration in
colostrum (7)

A
  • Yield of cow- Large colostral volumes tend to have lower antibody
    concentrations
  • Parity – lower in 1st & 2nd- Older cows also have larger
    udders, better milk secretion capability and a more efficient
    antibody transport mechanism
  • Quarter - higher in rear teats
  • Twin births – no effect
  • Breed – some effects - Dairy cattle tend to have lower
    antibody concentrations than beef cattle.
  • Length of dry period -  if too short
  • Prepartum nutrition- Protein levels are important for volume,
    quality and maintaining antibody content. Ensure your cows are
    receiving appropriate vitamins and minerals
50
Q

Dam Factors affecting absorption of
Colostrum (1)

A
  • Concentration of Ig in colostrum
  • some evidence that higher Ig in colostrums leads to greater absorption
51
Q

Type of Ig

A
  • IgG and IgA are absorbed more efficiently than IgM (larger molecule)

-In the digestive tract, IgG can have a direct effect on pathogens and may also have a direct beneficial effect on the intestinal mucosa

52
Q

what % of calves suffer from Failure of Passive Transfer on antibodies on Irish Farms

A

40–50%

53
Q

what % of calves had inadequate absorption of immunoglobulins

A

59%

54
Q

what % of calves had adequate absorption of immunoglobulins

A

41%

55
Q

when is max absorption for colostrum

A

2 hours

56
Q

when does the ability of the intestines to absorb IgG starts to decline

A

after 4 to 6 hours and ceases after 24 hours from birth.

57
Q

by how much does Antibodies in colostrum decrease by per hour

A

3.7%/hour from calving

58
Q

incidence of diarrhoea and respiratory disease among home-bred and bought-in calves in the period 0-6 weeks

A

Diarrhoea (%) 3.5(HB) 25.5 ()
Respiratory disease (%) 1.2 (HB) 30.5

59
Q

what sort of transition from pre-ruminant to ruminant

A

“Smooth transition from pre-ruminant to ruminant”

60
Q

what factors does a smooth transition from pre-ruminant to ruminant decrease

A
  • decrease morbidity and mortality and increase gain
  • requires adequate size and function of the rumen
61
Q

Factors Required for Rumen Development (6)

A
  • Establishment of bacteria
  • Water-based environment– Free water intake
  • Outflow of material from the rumen (muscular action)
  • Development of muscular tissue– Rumen contractions
  • Absorptive ability of tissue– Rumen papillae
  • Substrate availability in the rumen – Dry feed intake
62
Q

The rumen wall consists of ?? distinct layers

name the layers

A

2 layers

– musculature
– absorptive epithelium
(mucosa)

63
Q

what is responsible for absorbing VFA

A

mucosa

64
Q

what is Muscle developed in response to

A

material in the rumen

65
Q

does roughage stimulate mucosal growth

A

Roughage does NOT stimulate mucosal
growth

66
Q

What is the Right Balance for weaning stage

A

Concentrates
– VFA production
* butyrate
– High in energy
* fermentable
carbohydrates
– Palatable

Forages
– Low in energy
* structural carbohydrates
– Ruminal abrasion
value (RAV)
– Bulk
– Rumination

67
Q

why should you not offer ad lib access to hay

A

-Decrease concentrate intake

68
Q

what does Fermentation of carbohydrates develop

A

the rumen lining particularly the VFA`s butyrate and proprionate

69
Q

describe rumen papillae

A

healthy, dark coloration and visible rumen
papillae

70
Q

how long does it take to develop the rumen papillae from the initial time that
concentrate is offered.

A

3-4 weeks

71
Q

what should weaning be based on

A

Weaning should be based on solid feed intake

72
Q

by what day should conc be available to calves

A

from day 3

73
Q

how much conc should a calf be consuming before weaning

A

Ensure calf is consuming at least 1 kg concentrates for three consecutive days before weaning

74
Q

Milk replacers contained
- CP
- FAT

A
  • CP - 26% (min 20%)
  • FAT - 16% (15-20%)
75
Q

?? grams of milk replacer in one litre of mixed milk

A

50

76
Q

what group of calves:
- are the most expensive dairy beef animals
to feed and care for on a cost per day basis

  • the cheapest group on a per calf per day basis.
A

Pre weaned calves are the most expensive dairy beef animals to feed and care for on a cost per day basis.

Post weaning is the cheapest group on a per calf per day basis.

77
Q

Integration of pre and post weaning planes of
nutrition with lifetime performance and carcass characteristics of dairy-bred beef calves

A

slide 98

78
Q

what fat source is preferred in MR

A

Fat sources in milk replacers such as milk fat, tallow, choice white grease or lard
are preferred over vegetable oils, which utilized poorly by the young calf

79
Q

when is Feed costs per unit of BW gain the lowest

A

first 6 months of life

80
Q

when is the Conversion of nutrient into BW gain in the most efficient

A

first 6 motnhs

81
Q

Important of Early Life Growth Advantage/Weight for Age: - Summary

A

➢Growth advantage in early life generally retained to slaughter
➢Consistent across artificially reared and suckled calves
➢Little or no evidence for compensatory growth in calves (< 6mths)
➢Effects of CMR composition or supplements less clear
➢Lack of information on latent effects on carcass composition and meat quality

82
Q

Metabolic Imprinting Evidence - Sumamry

A

➢Critical windows of postnatal developmental plasticity in which nutritional
interventions may result in long-term consequences on animal growth and carcass composition .
➢Identifying and implementing strategies targeting this period of development
offers an opportunity to enhance efficiency and profitability of beef production systems.

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