Dad ONLY Flashcards
paradox of value
(also known as the diamond–water paradox) is the apparent contradiction that, although water is on the whole more useful, in terms of survival, than diamonds, diamonds command a higher price in the market.
paradox of hedonism, also called the pleasure paradox
refers to the practical difficulties encountered in the pursuit of pleasure. Unfortunately for the hedonist, constant pleasure-seeking may not yield the most actual pleasure or happiness in the long run—or even in the short run, when consciously pursuing pleasure interferes with experiencing it.
Suppose Paul likes to collect stamps. According to most models of behavior, including not only utilitarianism, but most economic, psychological and social conceptions of behavior, it is believed that Paul collects stamps because he gets pleasure from it. Stamp collecting is an avenue towards acquiring pleasure. However, if you tell Paul this, he will likely disagree. He does get pleasure from collecting stamps, but this is not the process that explains why he collects stamps. It is not as if he said, “I must collect stamps so I, Paul, can obtain pleasure”. Collecting stamps is not just a means toward pleasure. He simply likes collecting stamps, therefore (indirectly) acquiring pleasure.
This paradox is often reversed to illustrate that pleasure and happiness cannot be reverse-engineered. If for example you heard that collecting stamps was very pleasurable, and began a stamp collection as a means towards this happiness, it would inevitably be in vain. To achieve happiness, you must not seek happiness directly, you must strangely motivate yourself towards things unrelated to happiness, like the collection of stamps.[1]
Easterlin paradox
The Easterlin Paradox. … The ‘Easterlin Paradox’ suggests that there is no link between the level of economic development of a society and the overall happiness of the citizens. Life satisfaction does rise with average incomes but only up to a point - beyond that the gain in happiness goes down.
Occam’s razor
lex parsimoniae “law of parsimony
is the problem-solving principle that, when presented with competing hypothetical answers to a problem, one should select the one that makes the fewest assumptions.
Lotka’s law
is an inverse square power function that predicts the distribution of authors and published works.
As the number of articles published increases, authors producing that many publications become less frequent. There are 1/4 as many authors publishing two articles within a specified time period as there are single-publication authors, 1/9 as many publishing three articles, 1/16 as many publishing four articles, etc. Though the law itself covers many disciplines, the actual ratios involved (as a function of ‘a’) are discipline-specific.
Graphical plot of the Lotka function described in the text, with C=1, n=2
The general formula says:
{\displaystyle X^{n}Y=C} {\displaystyle X^{n}Y=C}
or
{\displaystyle Y=C/X^{n},\,} {\displaystyle Y=C/X^{n},\,}
Price’s law
pertains to the relationship between the literature on a subject and the number of authors in the subject area, stating that half of the publications come from the square root of all contributors. [4] Thus, if 100 papers are written by 25 authors, five authors will have contributed 50 papers.
Zipf’s law
Zipf’s law states that given some corpus of natural language utterances, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. Thus the most frequent word will occur approximately twice as often as the second most frequent word, three times as often as the third most frequent word, etc.: the rank-frequency distribution is an inverse relation. For example, in the Brown Corpus of American English text, the word “the” is the most frequently occurring word, and by itself accounts for nearly 7% of all word occurrences (69,971 out of slightly over 1 million). True to Zipf’s Law, the second-place word “of” accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36,411 occurrences), followed by “and” (28,852). Only 135 vocabulary items are needed to account for half the Brown Corpus
Hypothalamic
The hypothalamus is the control center for several endocrine functions.(which control mood)
Authority bias
Authority bias The tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure (unrelated to its content) and be more influenced by that opinion.[82]
Benjamin Franklin effect
A person who is already performed a favor for another is more likely to do it again for that same person
He that has once done you a kindness will be more ready to do you another
Hobson’s Choice
Is a free Choice in which only one thing is offered. Because a person may refuse to except what is offered, the two options are take it or take nothing in other words take it or leave it
Steven Soderbergh’s “3 shot rule”
After the first three shots, I know whether this person knows what they’re doing or they don’t.
Pigmailian effect
Set expectations high in people’s behavior will achieve that expectation
Golum effect
Opposite of the pig Mayleon a fact when you have low standards for people that are behavioral
Hawthorne Effect
type of reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed
