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WSET 4 D4 by Sarp Sarac > D4.C16. England and Wales > Flashcards

D4.C16. England and Wales Flashcards

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1
Q

When did modern grape growing in England and Wales started?

A

After the Second World War

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2
Q

Which grape varieties are used for producing sparkling wines in England and Wales?

A
  • Initially mainly German crosses and hybrid varieties
  • Traditional Champagne varieties in the late 1980s
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3
Q

Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Meunier account for how many per cent of all plantings and production in England and Wales?

A

75%

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4
Q

Tasting notes for an English sparkling wine

A
  • Flavours for white wine tend to be apple and lemon along with autolytic notes
  • Very high acidity and just-ripe fruit are distinctive characteristics
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5
Q

What is the quality/price range for English sparkling wines?

A
  • Very good with some outstanding in quality
  • Premium to super-premium in price
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6
Q

Where are most of the vineyards located in England and Wales?

A

85% in southern England

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7
Q

How is the climate in England and Wales?

A

Cool maritime

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8
Q

Which factors favor growing grapes for traditional method sparkling wine in England and Wales

A
  • Long day-light hours due to northerly latitude (above 50)
  • Cool climate
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9
Q

How did the average growing season temperature has changed within one century in England and Wales

A

It has risen from 13°C to 14°C

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10
Q

Why is the climate in England and Wales favorable to produce sparkling wines?

A

Cool temperatures result in slow ripening, slow sugar accumulation, preservation of acidity and the creation of medium intensity fruit characters

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11
Q

What are the pros and cons of global warming on the production of sparkling wines in England and Wales?

A

Pros:
- It has helped producers to ripen fruit in more years than was previously possible, raising quality
Cons:
- However, a greater number of extreme weather events, for example, heavy rain, has accompanied this
- Earlier budding with warmer springs together with use of early budding Champagne varieties, increased the risk for spring frost

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12
Q

What is the biggest environmental risk in England and Wales?

A
  • Prolonged rain
  • Rain and cool temperatures in June and July can affect flowering and fruit set and can drastically reduce yields
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13
Q

What are the highest priorities of the growers in England and Wales in managing the risks?

A
  • Managing the vineyard (e.g. timely spraying against fungal diseases)
  • Managing the financial risks of fluctuations in yields and quality
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14
Q

What are the key factors for the vineyard site selection in England and Wales?

A
  • South-facing slopes are best for maximum exposure to sunlight
  • Maximum shelter from prevailing winds that are generally from the south-west
  • Good drainage is essential to avoid regularly wet soils and root zone (naturally free draining or will need to have drainage installed, which adds to cost)
  • Altitude less than 125 meters
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15
Q

What are the soil types in Southern England?

A
  • Clay predominates in Kent and parts of Sussex
  • The soils in Sussex and Hampshire have significant amounts of chalk
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16
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of chalky soils in Sussex and Hampshire?

A
  • Advantage: They offer good drainage and lower fertility
  • Disadvantage: Chalk soils tend to be on slopes at higher elevations, making them more vulnerable to adverse weather
17
Q

What is the planting density of the new vineyards for sparkling wines in England?

A

4,000–5,000 vines per hectare to increase root competition and contain the vigour of the canopy

18
Q

What is the preferred training system in England?

A

Guyot with VSP

19
Q

Which vineyard practices help to retain the heat in the fruiting zone in England?

A
  • Narrow rows
  • Canes trained relatively close to the ground
20
Q

Why are the canopies thin in England?

A
  • To allow air and light to reach buds and the fruit
  • To reduce disease pressure
  • To allow sprays to reach the leaves
21
Q

What are the reasons for low average yields in England?

A
  • Marginal climate
  • Increased planting of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir that can flower poorly in wet and cool weather
22
Q

What is the average yield in England?

A
  • 25 hL/ha
  • Best vineyards can achieve twice this figure
23
Q

What is the price range for English sparkling wines? Why?

A

Premium and super-premium due to the low and variable yields

24
Q

What are the common winemaking practices for English sparkling wines?

A
  • Almost all them are traditional method
  • Predominantly vintage wines
  • Length of time on the lees varies, but the minimum must be 9 months
  • Some producers use a portion of oak maturation to add texture, but the majority of base wines are unoaked
  • Malolactic conversion is widely used to reduce the very high acidity
25
Q

What are the advantages of having reserve wines for making English sparkling wines?

A
  • To create a consistent style
  • Useful in a marginal climate where yields and quality can vary each year, though it also increases costs
26
Q

Which grape varieties are allowed to produce English PDO sparkling wines?

A
  • Chardonnay
  • Pinot Noir
  • Pinot Noir Précoce
  • Meunier
  • Pinot Blanc
  • Pinot Gris
27
Q

What is Sparkling Sussex PDO?

A
  • A separate PDO gained in June 2022
  • Wines must be made from grapes grown in the region
  • Predominantly from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and/or Meunier
28
Q

Which methods can be used for producing English sparkling wines?

A

Only traditional method

29
Q

Can German and hybrid varieties be used to produce PDO sparkling wines in England?

A

No, they can be labelled with a protected geographical indication (PGI)

30
Q

What is the maximum yield for PDO wines?

A

It is 80 hL/ha, but, this is rarely an issue

31
Q

How is the sweetness style classified for English sparkling wines. Which is the most common style?

A
  • Labelled using EU terms for sweetness
  • Brut
32
Q

What is the planted vineyard area for sparkling wines (all varieties) in England and Wales?

A

3,800 ha

33
Q

How did the planted area changed over the last decade for sparkling wines in England and Wales?

A

It is doubled between 2012–2020

34
Q

What is the major factor that attracts new entrants for producing English sparkling wines?

A

By comparison with Champagne, agricultural land is much less expensive, a key factor attracting new entrants, including major Champagne houses

35
Q

What are the significant producers for English sparkling wine?

A
  • Nyetimber
  • Wiston Estate
36
Q

What is the percentage of domestic consumption and export for English sparkling wines?

A
  • Domestic: 92%
  • Export: 8%
37
Q

What are the channels for English sparkling wine sales?

A
  • Cellar door (1/3)
  • Specialist wine shops
  • Premium supermarkets
  • Hospitality sector
38
Q

How do the producers deal with the major financial challenge of dealing with the fluctuations in yields?

A

By keeping 4-5 years of stock

39
Q

What is the name of the body that oversees the sparkling wine industry in England? What are its functions?

A
  • WineGB
  • It seeks to act as a point of reference for, and to represent, vineyard owners and producers in technical services, regulation, marketing and education

WSET 4 D4 by Sarp Sarac (22 decks)

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