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D276 Web dev foundations > D426 > Flashcards

D426 Flashcards

1
Q

Database Application

A

Software that helps business users interact with database systems.

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2
Q

Database Administrator

A

Secures the database and gives users access.

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3
Q

Query Processor

A

Interprets queries, creates a plan to modify the database or retrieve data.

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4
Q

Storage Manager

A

Translates the query processor instructions into system commands that modify or retrieve data.

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5
Q

Transaction Manager

A

Ensures transactions are properly executed. Prevents conflicts between transaction. Restores the database after a system failure.

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6
Q

Analysis Phase

A

Specifies database requirement. Creating entities, relationships and attributes.

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7
Q

Relationship

A

A link between entities.

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7
Q

Entity

A

Person, place, activity or thing.

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8
Q

Attribute

A

Describes an entity.

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9
Q

Logical design

A

Implements database requirements. Converts entities, relationships and attributes into tables, keys and columns.

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10
Q

Physical design

A

Adds indexes and specifies how tables are organized.

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11
Q

API

A

Application programming interface. Used to simplify the use of SQL with a general-purpose language.

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12
Q

MySQL Command-Line Client

A

A text interface used to return errors when SQL code is syntactically incorrect.

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13
Q

Tuple

A

A collection of elements enclosed in parentheses.

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14
Q

Table

A

Has a name, fixed tuple of columns and a varying set of rows.

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15
Q

Column

A

Has a name and a data type

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16
Q

Row

A

An unnamed tuple of values. Each value corresponds to a column and belongs to that columns data type.

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17
Q

Synonym for: Table

A

File, Relation

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18
Q

Synonym for: Row

A

Record, Tuple

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19
Q

Synonym for: Column

A

Field, Attribute

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20
Q

Business rule

A

Rules based on business policy and specific to a particular database.

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21
Q

Literals

A

Explicit values surrounded by quotation marks.

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22
Q

Keywords

A

Words with special meaning. ex SELECT, FROM, WHERE

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23
Q

Identifiers

A

Objects from the database like tables and columns.

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24
Q

Data Definition Language(DDL)

A

Defines the database schema. (CREATE, DROP, ALTER, TRUNCATE)

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25
Q

Data Manipulation Language(DML)

A

Commands that manipulate the data ( INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, LOCK)

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26
Q

Data Query Language

A

Retrieves Data from the database (SELECT)

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27
Q

Data Control Language

A

Controls database user access.

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28
Q

Data Transaction Language

A

Manages database transactions

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29
Q

Table

A

Fixed sequence of columns and a set of rows

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30
Q

Column

A

Has a name and a data type

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31
Q

Row

A

An unnamed sequence of values

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32
Q

Cell

A

A single column of a single row

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33
Q

Data independence

A

Also called rule 7: Allows database admins to improve query performance or organizing the data without affecting query results.

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34
Q

DROP TABLE

A

Deletes all the tables rows from the database

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35
Q

Data type

A

A named set of values from which a column is drawn

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36
Q

TINYINT

A

1 byte -128 to 127

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37
Q

SMALLINT

A

2 bytes +- 32768

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38
Q

MEDIUMINT

A

3 bytes +-8388608

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39
Q

INT

A

4 bytes +-2147483647

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40
Q

BIGINT

A

8 bytes

41
Q

UPDATE

A

Uses the SET statement to specify the new column values. WHERE is optional

42
Q

DELETE

A

The FROM keyword is followed by the table name whose rows are deleted.

43
Q

TRUNCATE

A

Deletes all rows from a table

44
Q

MERGE

A

state selects data from one table and inserts the data to another table called the target

45
Q

Primary Key

A

a column used to identify a row. Usually the tables first column

46
Q

Simple primary key

A

Consists of a single column.

47
Q

Composite primary key

A

consists of multiple columns

48
Q

Foreign key

A

A column that refer to the primary key

49
Q

Constraint

A

A rule that governs allowable values in a database.

50
Q

BETWEEN

A

Provides an alternative way to determine if a value is between two other values.

51
Q

LIKE

A

when used in a WHERE clause matches text against a pattern using the two wildcard characters % and .

52
Q

ORDER BY

A

Orders rows in ascending order

53
Q

TRIM

A

Removes white space.

54
Q

Aggregate function

A

COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, AVG

55
Q

HAVING

A

Used with the GROUP BY clause to filter group results.

56
Q

JOIN

A

A SELECT statement that combines data from two tables.

57
Q

ALIAS

A

follows the column name separates by an optional AS keyword.

58
Q

INNER JOIN

A

Only matching left and right table rows

59
Q

FULL JOIN

A

Selects all left and right table rows

60
Q

LEFT JOIN

A

Selects all left table rows

61
Q

RIGHT JOIN

A

Selects all right table rows.

62
Q

OUTER JOIN

A

Only unmatched rows

63
Q

UNION

A

Combines two results into one table

64
Q

EQUIJOIN

A

Compares tables with the = operator

65
Q

SELF JOIN

A

Joins a table to itself

66
Q

Cross-join

A

Combines two tables without comparing columns. No ON clause

67
Q

Subquery

A

A query within another query also called a nested or inner query

68
Q

Materialized view

A

A view for which data is stored at all times.

69
Q

WITH CHECK

A

The database rejects inserts and updates that do not satisfy the view query.

70
Q

ER model

A

A high level representation of data requirements

71
Q

Entity

A

A person, place, product, concept or activity

72
Q

Relationship

A

A statement about two entities.

73
Q

Attribute

A

A descriptive property of an entity

74
Q

Entity type

A

A set of things. ex: All employees in a company

75
Q

Relationship type

A

A set of related things Ex Employee-manages-department is a set

76
Q

Attribute type

A

A set of values Ex All employee salaries.

77
Q

Entity instance

A

An individual thing Ex The employee Sam Snead

78
Q

Relationship Instance

A

A statement about entity instances Ex Maria Rodriguez manages Sales

79
Q

Attribute instance

A

An individual value Ex The salary $35,000.

80
Q

Analysis

A

Develops an ER model, capturing data requirements while ignoring implementation details.

81
Q

Logical design

A

Converts the ER model into tables columns and keys

82
Q

Physical design

A

Adds indexes and specifies how tables are organized on storage media.

83
Q

IsA relationship

A

An identifying relationship

84
Q

Partitions

A

supertype entity is a group of mutually exclusive subtypes

85
Q

Crows foot notation

A

depicts cardinality as a circle(zero) a short line(one) or three short lines(many)

86
Q

Intangible entity

A

A documented in the data model, but not tracked

87
Q

PRIMARY KEYS

A

Simple. Primary key values should be easy to type and store.

88
Q

Artificial key

A

A single-column primary key created by the database designer when no suitable single-column or composite primary key exists.

89
Q

Functional dependence

A

Dependence of one column on another

90
Q

Redundancy

A

is the repetition of related values in a table

91
Q

Normal forms

A

Rules for designing tables with less redundancy

92
Q

Boyce-Codd normal form

A

Idea for tables with frequent inserts, updates and deletes

93
Q

Trivial dependencies

A

When the columns of A are a subset of the columns of B,

94
Q

Normalization

A

Eliminates redundancy by decomposing a table into two or more tables.

95
Q

Denormalization

A

Means intentionally introducing redundancy by merging tables.

96
Q

Heap Table

A

no order is imposed on rows

97
Q

Hash table

A

rows are assigned to buckets

98
Q

Table scan

A

A database operation that reads table blocks directly

99
Q

Index scan

A

Database operation that reads index blocks sequentially

100
Q

Hit ratio

A

Filter factor or selectivity is the percentage of table rows selected by a query

D276 Web dev foundations (2 decks)

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