D3.C2. Bordeaux Flashcards
What are the top grape varieties in Bordeaux in terms of total hectares planted?
- Merlot: 60%
- Cabernet Sauvignon: 20%
- Cabernet Franc: 7-8%
- Sémillon
- Sauvignon Blanc
- Muscadelle
What are the percentages of AOC red, white, rosé and sweet wines produced in Bordeaux?
- Red: 85%
- White: 10%
- Rosé: 4%
- Sweet: 1%
What are the key developments in the history of Bordeaux in history?
-17-18th century: Marshy and unsuitable for agriculture, was drained by Dutch residents in the city of Bordeaux and planted
- In 1855, a major commercial exhibition, the Exposition Universelle de Paris. The Bordeaux chamber of commerce asked the region’s brokers to compile a classification of the wines. Estates of the Médoc plus Haut- Brion in Graves were classed into five bands, those of Sauternes into three
What is the total area under vine in Bordeaux?
111,000 hectares planted
What are the percentages of inexpensive to mid-priced and premium to super-premium wines produced in Bordeaux
- Inexpensive to mid-priced: 70%
- Premium to super-premium: 30%
What is the climate of Bordeaux?
Moderate maritime
What are the moderating factors that affect the climate of Bordeaux?
- Atlantic Ocean : Brings rain and humidity (less pronounced in the right bank)
- Gulf stream: Extends the growing seasons
- Landes Forest
- Coastal sand dunes
- Garronne and Dordogne Rivers and Gironde Estuary
Why is the climate cooler in northern Médoc than Southern Médoc and Graves?
In the northern Médoc, the Landes Forest is less of a feature and the landscape is more open to maritime
influence
What is the average rainfall in Bordeaux?
950 mm
How can rain be an effect for vintage variation?
- Rain at flowering can result in poor fruit set
- Rain throughout the growing season can result in increased disease pressure
- Rain at and following véraison can lead to unripe fruit and fungal diseases
- Rain at harvest can dilute flavours
How does the climate change affect Bordeaux?
- Climate change has led to hot, dry summers with insufficient rainfall
- Hot dry years such as 2003 can lead to wines, both red and white, with low acidity that lack balance and with higher alcohol
In which years large areas of vineyards are affected by frost in Bordeaux?
- 1956
- 1991
- 2017
In the Médoc, why are the most prestigious wines tend to be close to Gironde estuary?
Gironde estuary has a moderating influence on the climate and often protects vines from frost
What is the origin of deposits of gravel and stony soils in Bordeaux?
They are carried to the region by floodwaters from the Pyrenees and the Massif Central many thousands of years ago
What is “croupes”?
All the top estates of the Left Bank are planted on gravel mounds known as croupes
What are the advantages of gravel soil?
- Even after the showers and storms, to which the Left Bank is prone, the roots of the vines soon dry out and the grapes can continue to ripen
- Heat retention
What is the disadvantage of gravel soil?
In extremely hot years, such as 2003 and 2005, the excellent drainage can put some vines at risk of drought stress, especially in ares where soil is shallow (as in Pomerol, where soils are rarely more than a metre deep)
In which area of the Left Bank, there are also pockets of clay?
Saint-Estpéhe
How is the soil in the Right Bank?
There is far more clay in the soil, although there are significant patches of gravel in certain sectors of the Libournais
Why is the dominant variety in the Right Bank is Merlot?
It is ideally suited to clay soils. It ripens fully in almost all vintages. It accumulates more sugar and thus alcohol than Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc
From where do the best wines come from in the Right Bank?
From the grapes grown on the limestone plateau or the gravel section that borders Pomerol
What are the viticultural characteristics of Merlot?
- Early budding (vulnerable to frost)
- Mid ripening (can be picked before the autumn rains)
- Susceptible to coulure, drought and most botrytis bunch rot
Merlot is the dominant grape in which areas of Bordeaux?
- Right Bank
- Northern Médoc
What is the advantage of Merlot in Bordeaux?
- It ripens on these cooler soils and the water-holding capacity of clay enables it to produce the large berry size typical of Merlot
- It also reaches higher sugar levels and therefore higher potential alcohol levels than either of the Cabernets
- This was an advantage in earlier decades but, with a warming climate, is less so today