d3 general Flashcards
what happens to the fertility of soils on slopes
the further up a slope you go, generally the thinner and poorer the soil becomes.
Name a gap in the mayacamas that allows cool air to funnel through.
Chalk hill gap near castiloga
What does long hang time result in for grapes.
physiologically ripe grapes with ripe tannins, deep colour and quite high alcohol.
What are the two valleys in the central valley of Cali
San Joaquin valley in the south and Sacremento valley to the north.
What are the soils of the Central Valley
flat, free draining, sandy and clay loam.
True or False
Pump overs are a gentle technique that ensure even distribution of temp. between cap and liquid.
True
Are punch downs more or less extractive than pump overs. And when should they be carried out.
More extractive. Care should be taken to carry it out earlier as towards the end of fermentation tannins are more easily extracted.
Is rack and return very extractive?
Yes. The most. Usually only carried out twice during fermentation.
What does post fermentation maceration help promote?
polymerization of tannins.
How much more expensive is land in Napa compared to Central Valley
10 X
What does Muscadelle provide to Sweet White Bordeaux
It is prone to Botrytis and provides a flowery, grapey characteristic.
The 3 grape varieties of Rioja and what they provide to a blend.
Tempranillo provides raspberry and black plum fruit with medium/medium (+) acidity and tannins. Garnacha brings sweeter red fruit character, lower tannin and more rounded body and alcohol. Some portions of Graciano may also be included in the final blend, which would contribute high acidity and tannin
Rioja category ageing requirements for reds. Go
Crianza - 24 months total ageing time with 12 in barrel
Reserva - 36 months with 12 months in barrel and 6 in bottle.
Gran Reserva - months with 24 months in barrel and 24 months in bottle.
Rioja category ageing requirements for whites and Rose. Go
Crianza and Reserva - 24 months total with 6 in barrel
Gran Reserva - 48 months total with 6 in barrel.
Cab Sav Facts
Late budding, small berry thick skin, prone to fungal, ripens late
Chardonnay Facts
Early budding, early ripening, high yiedls without loss, prone to powdery, grey rot and millerandage
Semillon
Mid ripening, susceptible to botrytis, can carry high yields
Merlot
Early budding, Mid ripening, susceptible to coulure, drought, botrytis (necessary to sought)
Riesling
Cold hardy, late budding, needs good site, high yield, good resistance, thick wood frost resistant, late ripening
Sav B
Late budding, early ripening, grows vigorously (need poor soil, avoid over shading), prone to powdery , botrytis
Grenache/Garnacha
High yield, needs warm, ripens late, upright growth, oxidises easily, drought resistant, prone to coulure, fungal, accumulates sugar easily
Pinot Noir
Early budding, ripen early, yield must be limited, Delicate prone to lots,
Chenin
Early budding, vigorous can carry high yields, ripens late, ripens unevenly, prone to botrytis
Malbec
Vigorous, susceptibel to colour, mid ripeneing
Cab Franc
Early budding, prone to coulure, mid ripening, needs full ripening avoid leafy
Syrah/Shiraz
Late budding, short ripening maturity period, highly vigorous, susceptible to chlorosis, syrah decline - graft swells turns leaves red vine dies, reductive
Sangiovese
Buds early, late ripenenr, does best on well draining, thick skins, susceptible to botrytis, vigorous
Nebbiolo
Buds early, late ripenenr, vigorous, said to be most perfumed on marl, pruned high as first few buds infertil.
Trousseau
Thick skin, can suffer from botrytis
Poor flowering and coulure, reducing yields.
Vigorous
Needs warm site to fully ripen. Like lower part slope.
Poulsard
Buds v early, thin skin, ripens early
Savagnin
Buds early (spring frost)
Thick skinned - good resistance
Thrives on steep slopes - marl.
Tempranillo
Early ripening, needs warm with some cooling.
Zonda Wind
In Argentina, hot dry wind occuring in late spring, affects fruit set’ lower humidity, reduces yields. Can use trees as windbreak.
Parral
High pergola system to raise crops away from heat of ground, found in Argentina
Free trade agreement in South America
Mercosur
Business affects on Argentina
Weak pesso boom in 2000s, high inflation increased production costs, imposed restriction foreign ownership of land - lifted in 2016. High domestic consumption - only 20% exported. Production quantity affected by El Nino
Central Mendoza Sub regions
Lujan de Cuyo -old vine malbec, where river meets andes. High min ageing 24 months
Las Compuertas - within Lujan, super high alt, wide diurnal, firm tannin, full body
Agrelo - within Lujan, lower clay, riper. Semillon too
Maipu - Lower than Lujan - warmer , lot old vines, intensely fruity
Uco Valley General
Super high alt, cooler, wider diurnal, slow sugar accum, retain acid, deep colour.
Uco Valley Sub Region
GI Valle de Uco - Tupungato, Tunuyan, San Carlos
Tupungato - highest, foot of volcano, fresh full body
Gultallary - Witihin Tupungato, high quality, limestone, high acid, lighter body
Tunuyan - Range of alts, cooler higher, lower warmer
San Carlos - old vine reds.
GI Paraje Altamira - alluvial fan, high presence of calcium carbonate, more intense full body
Southern Mendoza
San Rafael - lower alt, longer summers, slower ripening
prone to hail, medium body, Chenin signature
San Juan Province
Hotter lower diurnal than Mendoza, inexpensive high yield.
Syrah becoming speciality
Perdernal vally - high alt site, better acid
La Rioja province
high volume, largest fairtrade producer worldwide
Salta
Calchaqui river provides water in desert Low lat, super high alt surrounding mountains provide shade Zonda wind Torrontes - Cafayete 1700m
Patagonia
Flora malbec
constant winds, thick skins
Rio negro province - old vine semillon
Neuquen - riper, lack of water, new region
Two RSA currents
Benguela current - cooling cold north flowing
Agulhas - indian ocean warmer
they mix lowering temps, adding fog and breezes
Cape doctor
SE wind during spring/summer
inhibits disease, can damage leaves/flowering
extends impact of Benguela
Integrated production of wine (IPW)
Independently audited ,
sustainable farming, environmental imparct, water usage, biodiversity
95% of growers adhere
WWF SA conversation
biodiversity conservation
energy efficient measures,
Water stewardship
Integrity + sustainability seal
certifiess wines environmental credentials
chemical usage, water management, natural pesticides
Wine and agricultural ethical trade association (WIETA)
Voluntary association of businesses that commit to an audited scheme of ethical trade with a focus on working conditions for workers.
2021 Geo hierachy Germany
Anbaugebeit - 13 region
Region - replaces bereich and grosslage
Ortwein - Village wine, must bear name on label
Einzellage - single vineyard, must be min kabinett
Within kabinett, Erstes Gewachs and Grosses Gewachs
Erstes Gewachs and Grosses Gewachs
Single vineyard, single variety, wine must be dry
pass a sensory and tasting test (potential for erstes)
Gewann - smaller parcel
Selective picking - hand picking
Smaller yields
1 March, 1 September release dates
Why new rioja regulations
sub zones could not appear on label Nor could single vineyards or villages Artadi left 2015 An association of basque bodegas of Alavesa proposed new separate classification Consejo introduced in 2018
Vino de Zona
ALl grapes must be from a single zone (oriental)
Vinification, ageing and bottling also within zone
15% rule - as long as it borders and prove sourcing for 10 years can be used
Vino de Municipo
Villages or group of villages
15% rule, 10 consecutive years
Vinif and ageging etc must be in municipo - different from Burgundy
Vinedo Singular
Particular vineyards
Must be 35 years old and owner must have owned for 10 years.
Must be sustainably managed
Checks on traceability will be carried out, with tasting
