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D2-4/CBL > D3/4 > Flashcards

D3/4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is narrative ethics, and why is it important in healthcare?

A

It focuses on understanding patients’ stories to provide compassionate and personalised care.

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2
Q

How does climate change impact human health?

A

It increases health risks, such as heat-related illnesses and respiratory issues.

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3
Q

How do social and behavioral determinants intersect in health outcomes?

A

Social factors like income can influence behaviors like diet and exercise, impacting health.

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4
Q

Define social determinants of health and their role in health inequities.

A

Conditions in which people are born, grow, live, and work, influencing disparities in health outcomes.

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5
Q

How do income and employment affect health?

A

Higher income and stable jobs generally lead to better health outcomes.

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6
Q

What can result from breaches of patient privacy?

A

Loss of patient trust, potential harm, and legal consequences.

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7
Q

Name examples of behavioral determinants of health.

A

Smoking, physical activity, and dietary habits directly impact individual and community health.

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8
Q

What is moral imagination, and how does it relate to narrative ethics?

A

It allows healthcare providers to empathize with patients’ experiences, enhancing ethical care.

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9
Q

What is a dual relationship in medical practice?

A

A situation where the doctor has another, separate relationship with the patient outside of the clinical setting.
THIS IS NOT GOOD

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10
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect discrimination?

A

Direct discrimination is overt and intentional
indirect discrimination is often unintentional and systemic [stairs only entrances]

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11
Q

Define justice in medical ethics.

A

An ethical principle concerned with questions of rights, and what is “owed” to each person based on principles of fairness, desert and equity

Refers to not only obligations of fairness and impartiality, but also questions of how we determine what is owed, and what each person/group is entitled to; the application of rules

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12
Q

Why is reflective practice vital for healthcare professionals?

A

It promotes continuous learning and improvement in patient care.

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13
Q

Define downstream determinants of health.

A

These are the physiological manifestations of upstream and midstream factors, often leading to clinical symptoms like hypertension, obesity, and glucose dysregulation.

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14
Q

Why is resource limitation a challenge in healthcare ethics?

A

requires making difficult decisions about resource allocation, often involving ethical dilemmas.

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15
Q

Why is cultural sensitivity crucial in healthcare?

A

It respects patients’ beliefs, improving trust and care quality.

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16
Q

Why does discrimination violate the principle of respect for persons?

A

It treats individuals unfairly based on traits unrelated to their care needs.

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17
Q

Why is education a social determinant of health?

A

Educated individuals are more likely to make informed health choice
HEALTH LITERACY!!!!!

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18
Q

What is a physician’s role in patient advocacy?

A

To support patients’ rights and ensure they receive appropriate care.

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19
Q

list some social determinants of health

A

income and social protection
education
unemployment and job insecurity
working life conditions
food insecurity
housing, basic amenities and the environment
early childhood development
social inclusion and non-discrimination
structural conflict
access to affordable health services

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20
Q

List five key biological determinants of health.

A

Age, sex, genetics, metabolic rates, and pre-existing conditions.

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21
Q

What is unconscious bias, and why is it significant in healthcare?

A

Unconscious bias involves stereotypes that can affect medical judgment and lead to inequitable care.

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22
Q

Why is patient vulnerability important in the doctor-patient relationship?

A

Patients rely on the doctor’s knowledge and authority, which creates a power imbalance, requiring ethical care.

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23
Q

How are privacy and confidentiality related?

A

Privacy is the patient’s right to control personal information
confidentiality is the healthcare provider’s duty to protect that information.

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24
Q

Why is physical activity an important health determinant?

A

Regular exercise reduces the risk of chronic diseases.

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25
Q

What are environmental determinants of health?

A

Factors like air quality, water, and housing that impact health outcomes.

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26
Q

How does the ethics of care address human vulnerability?

A

It emphasizes empathy, care, and recognizing patients as vulnerable individuals needing support.

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27
Q

List three ethical issues related to discrimination in healthcare.

A

Violates respect for persons, is unfair, and causes harm.

28
Q

How do determinants of health influence population health over the life course?

A

They impact overall health, including genetic, environmental, and social factors, shaping health outcomes.

29
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender, and why is it relevant?

A

Sex is biological, while gender is a social construct, both affecting health care needs.

30
Q

Why are patient narratives essential in reflective practice?

A

They help healthcare providers understand patients’ experiences, fostering empathy and improved care.

31
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of behavioral approaches in public health?

A

Effective for personal responsibility but may ignore social influences.

32
Q

What is the physician’s role as a patient advocate?

A

To ensure patients receive fair treatment and necessary resources.

33
Q

Differentiate between boundary crossing and boundary violation.

A

Boundary crossing: non-exploitative actions that depart from the accepted professional standards. Disclosing highly personal information, or personal beliefs in a way that could cause upset/harm.

Boundary violations: contraventions against the requirements of professional practice, therefore putting the patient at harm. Exploiting the patient, undermining their trust and causing profound psychological harm.

34
Q

How does food security affect health?

A

Ensures access to nutritious food, influencing health and reducing disease risk.

35
Q

What responsibilities do doctors have when they conscientiously object to a treatment?

A

They must refer patients to another qualified provider and ensure patient care continuity.

36
Q

What are some arguments against conscientious objection?

A

It may limit patient access to care and undermine professional obligations.

37
Q

What are the ethical considerations related to accepting gifts from patients?

A

We should not encourage or accept any sort of gift from a patient
Anything substantial is extremely unethical, particularly if of monetary value.

Physicians should use caution and good judgement.

38
Q

What are some common barriers to healthcare access?

A

Cost, transportation, language, and cultural barriers prevent equitable accesS

39
Q

describe the four theories of justice

A

Justice as equality : Everyone should receive the same amount

Need-based justice: Everyone should receive based on need

Merit-based justice: Everyone should receive based on what is deserved

Justice as fairness: Everyone should receive based on who is ‘well off’
- Those who are ‘worse off’ should be favoured

40
Q

What are the primary ethical duties in doctor-patient partnerships as per the Medical Board of Australia’s Code of Conduct?

A

4.2.1 Being courteous, respectful, compassionate and honest.

4.2.2 Treating each patient as an individually

4.2.3 Protecting patients’ privacy and right to confidentiality

4.2.4 Encouraging and supporting patients

4.2.6 Recognising that there is a power imbalance, and not exploiting patients

41
Q

Why are downstream determinants significant in clinical settings?

A

They represent conditions patients present with at GP/hospitals, guiding the need to consider upstream and midstream health influences.

42
Q

Define political and structural determinants of health.

A

Policies, governance, and systemic factors that influence access to healthcare.

43
Q

Why are the first 1000 days of life crucial for health outcomes?

A

integral for a child’s critical and sensitive periods, of which affects can have lifelong consequences. Factors in early life can ‘program’ a child’s susceptibility to disease.

44
Q

How does the physical environment affect health?

A

Poor air and water quality can increase respiratory and infectious diseases.

45
Q

What is the life course approach, and why is it important in health?

A

It examines how early life factors influence health throughout life, helping doctors understand lifelong health trajectories.

46
Q

Provide examples of midstream determinants of health.

A

: Housing quality, water access, soil quality, public transport, smoking, and exercise habits.

47
Q

How does social justice relate to health equities?

A

promotes fair access to resources, reducing health disparities.

48
Q

Why are cultural determinants important for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health?

A

They foster resilience and health, considering unique cultural needs and values.

cultural identity and participation in cultural activities, access to traditional lands along with connection to family and kinship, are recognised as protective factors

49
Q

What are the risks associated with dual relationships in medicine?

A

They can lead to conflicts of interest, loss of objectivity, and harm to the patient.

50
Q

What is planetary health, and why does it matter?

A

It addresses global environmental changes impacting human health.

51
Q

How is the Australian health system structured?

A

ultimately controlled by the government.
Includes public and private sectors, with Medicare providing universal access. within these sectors are doctors, nurses, allied health professionals etc

52
Q

Give examples of upstream determinants of health.

A

Pre-existing conditions, birth weight, genetic factors, social and educational inequalities, and poverty.

53
Q

How do biological factors interact with other determinants?

A

They combine with social, cultural, and behavioral factors, influencing health outcomes.

54
Q

What is conscientious objection in healthcare?

A

A healthcare provider’s refusal to participate in certain treatments due to personal beliefs.

55
Q

Why is trust crucial in maintaining professional boundaries in medicine?

A

It is the foundation of the therapeutic relationship and ensures the patient’s wellbeing and respect

56
Q

What are critical and sensitive periods, and why are they significant?

A

times when developmental and environmental factors have a major impact on lifelong health, such as prenatal development.

57
Q

Name two ethical principles that support justice in healthcare.

A

Fairness and equality.

58
Q

Why are health determinants important for diverse population groups?

A

They highlight unique needs and tailor healthcare to varied backgrounds.

59
Q

Name three key features of a good doctor-patient relationship.

A

Trust; respect and dignity; shared decision-making; continuity of care; cultural competence; empathy; advocacy; autonomy for the patient

60
Q

What is a physician’s duty concerning justice?

A

To treat patients fairly and without discrimination, ensuring equal access to medical care.

61
Q

What are midstream determinants of health?

A

Factors that may be influenced by or independent of upstream determinants, including environmental factors (e.g., housing, water) and behaviors (e.g., smoking, alcohol use).

62
Q

What are upstream determinants of health?

A

These are factors contributing to health that are hard to change, such as biological determinants (e.g., birth weight, genetics) and sociocultural factors like social inequality and poverty.

63
Q

What are the physician’s obligations regarding patient confidentiality?

A

To safeguard patient information unless legally or ethically required to disclose it.

64
Q

What is person-centered (or patient-centered) care?

A

An approach that considers the patient’s preferences, needs, and values, involving them in decisions about their care.

65
Q

How do biological and social determinants intersect?

A

Genetic predispositions may be exacerbated by socioeconomic status.

66
Q

What are key concepts in health behavioral change?

A

Motivational interviewing, social support, and self-efficacy.

67
Q

How does empathy play a role in humanistic medicine?

A

Empathy fosters understanding and personalized care, central to the humanistic approach.

D2-4/CBL (2 decks)

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