D.3

Question 1

What’s draws blood into the liver?

Answer 1

The Hepatic artery and the Hepatic portal vein

Question 2

What takes blood out of the liver?

Answer 2

The hepatic vein

Question 3

How does the hepatic portal vein circulate blood through the liver?

Answer 3

-Blood is from the capillaries of the small intestine
- deoxygenated blood
- low pressure
- can have a lot of nutrients depending on how much digestion and absorption is going on

Question 4

How does the hepatic artery circulate blood?

Answer 4

• blood is from the heart
• oxygenated
• high pressure
• low in nutrient

Question 5

What is the blood like in the hepatic vein?

Answer 5

• blood is from the liver
• deoxygenated
• low pressure
• nutrient levels are stabilised

Question 6

Why are the nutrients stabilised in the hepatic vein?

Answer 6

Because the liver sores and releases nutrients to make nutrient level in the blood returning to the heart just the right amount.

Question 7

What is the function of the liver

Answer 7

To remove and add substances from the blood to maintain homeostasis levels

Question 8

What is a hepatocyte?

Answer 8

Liver cells

Question 9

What is the difference between sinusoids and capillaries?

Answer 9

Sinusoids are wider
Sinusoids are lined by endothelial cells with gaps between them, allowing large molecules to pass into the blood stream
Sinusoids contain Capasso cells to help break down, haemoglobin.
Sinusoids , receive a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Question 10

What cells in the liver remove toxins?

Answer 10

kupffer cells and hepatocytes

Question 11

How to kupffer cells remove toxins from the body?

Answer 11

They use phagocytosis to remove old red blood cells and bacteria from the blood, they contain lots of lysosomes to do so

Question 12

How do you hepatocytes remove toxins from the body?

Answer 12

They chemically change, toxins and make them water soluble, so they can pass through the urinary system

Question 13

How is alcohol brought into the liver?

Answer 13

By the hepatic portal vein early on in the digestion process

Question 14

Why is the liver particularly affected by alcohol?

Answer 14

Any alcohol that is still present in the blood is bought back into the liver by the hepatic artery. The liver is affected by alcohol because it passes through the liver twice.

Question 15

What are the long-term effects of alcohol on the liver?

Answer 15

The liver can repair itself, however alcohol exposure can lead to information and swelling of damage, liver tissues, and fat accumulation in place of normal liver tissue

Question 16

What is cirrhosis?

Answer 16

Scar tissues left when areas of the liver are destroyed

Question 17

How does the liver maintain a homeostatic state for blood?

Answer 17

When nutrient levels are too high, the liver stores them
When nutrient levels are low, the liver releases the stored materials into the blood

Question 18

What are erythrocytes and how long do they live for?

Answer 18

They are red blood cells and usually only live for 120 days

Question 19

What happens at the end of an erythrocytes life?

Answer 19

It’s membrane becomes week and ruptures, which releases all of its haemoglobin molecules

Question 20

What happens to the haemoglobin after the erythrocytes die?

Answer 20

Kupffer cells ingest the haemoglobin, using endocytosis (phagocytosis)

Question 21

What is haemoglobin made up of?

Answer 21

For Poly peptide bonds, and it peptide has a heme group with an iron atom in the middle

Question 22

What happens to the polypeptide and haemoglobin when is broken down?

Answer 22

It is hydrolysed into amino acids, the future protein synthesis

Question 23

What happens to iron when haemoglobin is broken down?

Answer 23

Is sent to the bone marrow when new erythrocytes are made

Question 24

What happens to the heme group when haemoglobin is broken down.

Answer 24

It is turned into Bilirubin, which the liver, then turns into bile

Question 25

What is the purpose of bile?

Answer 25

Two. Emulsify fats, which prevents them from clumping together in the digestive track.

Question 26

How do hepatocytes produce bile?

Answer 26

By turning extra cholesterol into a similar molecule called bile salt, the bile salt is the mixed with bilirubin

Question 27

What important compounds do hepatocytes produce?

Answer 27

Bile, fibrinogen and albumin

Question 28

What steps do all hepatocytes follow in protein production?

Answer 28

1. DNA is used as a template to make a segment of MRNA. This is called transcription.
2. MRNA exit through the nuclear pore.
3. The mRNA attaches to a ribosome on the rough ER.
4. The mRNA is translated and results in a polypeptide chain.
5. The protein is wrapped in a vesicle by the golgi
6. the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane (exocytosis)
7. The protein enters the blood plasma.

Question 29

What is the cause of jaundice?

Answer 29

Having too much Bilirubin in the bloodstream

Question 30

Why do people turn yellow when they have jaundice?

Answer 30

Bilirubin is yellow so people with joint is develop yellow skin and the white of their eyes turn yellow

Question 31

What causes infant jaundice and how can it be treated?

Answer 31

Typically, in premature babies, because the liver isn’t developed enough to turn Billy Rubin into bile
Treatment is exposure to a blue light, which changes Billy Rubin into a shape that can be eliminated from the body in urine and faeces

Question 32

What causes adult jaundice?

Answer 32

Caused by a malfunctioning liver and has the same symptoms and consequences as invent jaundice

Question 33

If untreated, what is a consequence of jaundice?

Answer 33

Can lead to brain damage