d265 Flashcards
The natural tendency to accept evidence supporting our existing
beliefs while dismissing evidence that challenges our beliefs.
conformation BIas
systematic mistakes people make in categorizing and interpreting information we use to make decisions
cognitive bias
An automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual response can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs (a cake that looks like a gym shoe..even though you know it is cake you still can’t eat it because it looks like a gym shoe)
Alief (An automatic belief)
A cognitive bias in which we cataorgize a new situation based on the experience in your mind ( person in the bank with a mask on)
Representativeness heuristics
Our tendency to anchor to the first piece of information we have about a new domain and “adjust “ up or down from there
Anchoring and adjusting
This kind of bias happens when the sample we generalize from is not representative of the larger target population
selection bias
This occurs when the same data is reported differently to achieve different rhetorical goals
selective reporting
Committed when one attacks the person making the argument rather than attacking the argument itself.
Ad Hominem (attacking the homie)
committed when one argues that the origin of an idea is a reason for rejecting that idea (who, what and where the argument came from )
genetic fallacy
committed when one misrepresents another argument then attacks the misrepresented argument rather than the actual argument
straw figure
is committed when one introduces an irrelevant topic
red herring
is committed when one appeals to an unqualified authority in support of one’s claim.
appeal to authority
is committed when one uses a threat to compel agreement. (threat)
Appeal to force
Fallacy is committed when one appeals to the popularity of a belief as a reason to affirm its truth
Appeal to popularity
The fallacy is committed when one appeals to the bad (or good) consequences of accepting a claim as a reason to reject (or accept) it as true.
Appeal to Consequences
The fallacy is committed when one’s argument hinges on mistakenly using the same word in two different senses. (batanimal & batequpment)
Equivocation
The fallacy is committed when someone reasons from our lack of knowledge that a claim is false (or true) to the conclusion that the claim is true (or false)
Appeal to ignorance
The fallacy is committed when someone argues, without sufficient reason, that one event will lead to a series of events ultimately ending in a further (usually disastrous) event ( goes from bad to worse)
slippery slope
The fallacy is committed when one “cherry-picks” only evidence supporting their desired conclusion.
Texas sharpshooter
The fallacy is committed when one claims one event causes another just because the first event occurs before the second event.
Post Hoc (ergo propter hoc)
The fallacy is committed when someone generalizes too quickly about a group of people, things, or events.
Hasty generalization
The fallacy is committed when one presumes that there are fewer options (typically two) than there actually are.
False dilemma
The fallacy is a circular argument in which the premises of the argument presumes the truth of the conclusion.
Begging the question
This fallacy is committed when one presumes that one’s(implausible) claim is justified unless someone else demonstrates otherwise (something happened if you don’t believe me just try to prove me wrong)
Burden of proof shifting
If XYZ, then ABC. ABC. So, XYZ.
What best describes this argument?
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Affirming the Consequent
Denying the Antecedent
Affrming the consquent
If my daughter wins her game, I will be proud of her. She didn’t win her game, so I am not proud of her.
What best describes this argument?
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Affirming the Consequent
Denying the Antecedent
Denying the antecedent
If you want to be famous, then you’ll go on a reality tv show. You are on a reality tv show, so you obviously want to be famous.
What best describes this argument?
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Affirming the Consequent
Denying the Antecedent
Affirming the consequent
If you practice gratitude you will feel happier. I just listed some things that I am grateful for, so I feel happier.
What best describes this argument?
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Affirming the Consequent
Denying the Antecedent
Modus pones
If my dog sees a cat, she will chase it. My dog is not chasing that cat, so she must not see it.
What best describes this argument?
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Affirming the Consequent
Denying the Antecedent
Modus Tollens
if you eat candy, then you are healthy. You eat candy. Therefore, you are healthy.
What best describes this argument?
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Affirming the Consequent
Denying the Antecedent
Modus pones
If I sleep less than six hours, I am grumpy the next day. I am not grumpy today. So, you know I slept more than six hours last night.
What best describes this argument?
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Affirming the Consequent
Denying the Antecedent
modus tollens
If San Francisco is north of Seattle, then it is north of Vancouver. But it is true that San Francisco is not north of Seattle. Therefore, San Francisco is not north of Vancouver.
Affirming the consequent
Modus Ponens
Denying the antecedent
Modus Tollens
Denying the antecedent
If San Francisco is north of Seattle, then it is north of Vancouver. But we know that San Francisco is not north of Vancouver. Thus, San Francisco is not north of Seattle.
Affirming the consequent
Modus Ponens
Denying the antecedent
Modus Tollens
Modus tollens
if A implies B is true and if A is true, then B is true
Modus pones
if A implies B is true, and if B is false, then A is false
modus tollens
AFFIRMING THE ANTECEDENT (or Modus Ponens) involves claiming that the consequent must be true if the antecedent is true.
VS.
DENYING THE CONSEQUENCE (or Modus Tollens) involves claiming that the antecedent must be false if the consequent is false.
MODUS PODUS
It’s sunny today.
Therefore, I will wear my sunglasses.
VS.
MODUS TOLLENS
I will not wear my sunglasses.
Therefore, it is not bright and sunny today.
proposition
statements that can be true or false
ex: 1+1=2
ex: Tomatoes are fruits
Non-propositions
statements expressed in sentences that can NOT be true or false
Ex: let’s fly a kite
Ex:Can you hand me the remote
Complexed propositions
The truth depends on their truth and their internal logic
Ex: The soda is either Coke or Pepsi
Ex:she has brown eyes and brown hair
Arguments
purportedly rational movements from one or more premises to a conclusion
PREMISES: a reason for believing something
CONCLUSION: A THING THAT IS BELIVED
Argument example
SINCE all humans have hair
SO Suzie is a human
IT FOLLOWS THAT that suzie is human
Non-Arguments
Includes explanations, stories, and set of statements without an inference
Ex: Rory was late for work because she missed the bus
Ex: Tom was born. He lived. Then he died.
Ex: Roses are red. Violets are able. Oranges are Orange
Deductive
A ** intends to provide evidence that the conclusion must be necessarily true
Inductive
In ** the premises provide evidence that makes the conclusion more or less likely to be true
Are bad because of there struture
Formal fallancy
Are bad because of their content
Informal fallacies
Has logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions.
complex propositions
GIVEN THAT there are dark clouds in the sky, WE MAY CONCLUDE THAT it will rain. FOR dark clouds usually mean rain.
Argument examples
The truth of the ** depends on the truth of their parts and their internal logic.
*The soda is either Coke or Pepsi
*She has brown hair and brown eyes
*If there is smoke, there is fire
complex proposition
Arguments where the premises guarantee or nessitate the conclusion
Deduction
(does it make the conclusion true if yes)
VALID
(is it actually true)
l
SOUND
(if no) (INVALID)
l
UNSOUND
deductive
strong(ALOT OF EVIDENCE)
l
(is it actually true)
cogent {SOUND}
l
(VERY LITTLE EVIDENCE)WEAK
uncogent{unsound}
Inductive
structure is an argument where the truth of the premises would guarantee the truth of the conclusion
Valid argument
*Rory was late for work because she missed the bus.
*Roses are red. Violets are blue. Oranges are orange.
Non-Argument examples
Because, for, given that, as indicated by,since, as
