D2 - Intro to immunology

Question 1

“land mines”

Answer 1

complement

Question 2

“marines”

Answer 2

phagocytes

Question 3

“air force”

Answer 3

B cells

Question 4

“assassins/secret agents”

Answer 4

CD8

Question 5

physical barriers to entry

Answer 5

skin

cilia

tears

mucous

Question 6

chemical barriers to entry

Answer 6

acid

enzymes (pepsin, lysozyme)

Question 7

biological barriers to entry

Answer 7

normal flora

Question 8

stromal cells that recognize pathogens

Answer 8

epithelial cells

endothelial cells

fibroblasts

Question 9

resident immune cells that recognize pathogens

Answer 9

mast cells

dendritic cells

resident macrophages

innate lymphocytes

Question 10

PRRs

Answer 10

pattern recognition receptors

sense molecules that aren’t “self,” b/c invaders express PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)

Question 11

PAMPs

Answer 11

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

patterns detected by PRRs

Question 12

5 hallmarks of inflammation

Answer 12

1) calor (heat)
2) dolor (pain)
3) rubor (redness)
4) tumor (swelling)
5) loss of function

Question 13

innate cells recruited from circulation

Answer 13

neutrophils

monocytes (which become macrophages)

natural killer cells

eosinophils

basophils

Question 14

How are dendritic cells the “bridge”?

Answer 14

bridge between innate and adaptive

specialized type of phagocyte that takes sample of pathogens, use this to initiate adaptive immune response

when activated, let go of surrounding tissues, migrate to lymphatics/secondary lymphoid organ, so can present “pathogen sample” to naive T & B cells

Question 15

secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 15

where immune cells develop more, get activated, interact:

• spleen
• lymphatic vessels
• lymph nodes
• tonsils/adenoids
• mucous-associated lymphatic tissues

Question 16

primary lymphoid organs

Answer 16

where lymphocytes made, develop:

• bone marrow
• thymus

Question 17

bone marrow

Answer 17

primary site of hematopoiesis & lymphopoiesis in adults

has hematopoietic stem cells that generate and replenish all blood cell types

where all myeloid and lymphoid cells begin to mature

Question 18

red marrow

Answer 18

where all different types of blood cells are produced

when baby/child, all our bone marrow is red

Question 19

yellow marrow

Answer 19

as we age, marrow is infiltrated by fat (we get more and more yellow marrow)

yellow can be converted back into red in case of bone marrow stress, blood loss, etc

Question 20

thymus

Answer 20

primary site of T cell maturation and selection after bone marrow

plays major role in preventing autoimmunity, by helping a lot in immune tolerance

active in kids, slowly atrophies over time (gets infiltrated by fat)

Question 21

3 main constituents of lymph

Answer 21

1) interstitial fluid: like plasma, but less protein
2) white blood cells
3) chyle: made up of chylomicrons

Question 22

spleen

Answer 22

where B cells complete maturation after leaving bone marrow

red pulp: filters and clears blood of damaged cells

white pulp: where lymphoid cells reside and interact

Question 23

lymphatic vessels

Answer 23

“slurp up” interstitial fluid & immune cells that bathes tissues

lymph can circulate through lymphatic system (lymphatic capillaries –> lymphatic collecting vessels –> lymphatic ducts), and be filtered through lymph nodes en route

Question 24

lymph nodes

Answer 24

integrated into lymphatic vasculature

has many lymphoid follicles, where lymphocytes aggregate

major site where APCs (antigen presenting cells) present antigen

Question 25

tonsils & adenoids

Answer 25

adenoids at back of nasopharynx

together, form Waldeyer’s ring, so can sample all antigen that comes in through eating/breathing

part of MALT

Question 26

MALT

Answer 26

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue

aggregates of lymphoid tissue along the mucosa

provides immune defense at sites of recurrent exposure to pathogens, foreign proteins (food), etc

Question 27

3 major modes of cytokine action

Answer 27

autocrine (on self)
paracrine (on neighbors)
endocrine (secrete into circulation –> act on distant cells)

Question 28

cytokines

Answer 28

direct growth, development, maturation, activation, and life-span of immune cells

Question 29

chemokines

Answer 29

direct movement of white blood cells in body

Question 30

3 functional categories of chemokines

Answer 30

1) homeostatic
control migration of cells during normal development

2) inflammatory
direct migration of leukocytes to infection/damage

3) angiogenic
pro-angiogenic or anti-angiogenic: promote or prevent development of blood vessels