D1 Week 2 - Multiple Choice Revision Questions

Question 1

Which of the following pest and disease management strategies does NOT allow the use of synthetic chemicals?

• Sustainable viticulture
• Conventional viticulture
• Organic viticulture
• Precision viticulture

Answer 1

Organic viticulture

Question 2

Why is horn manure (500) used in biodynamic viticulture?
* It is a natural fungicide
* It is beneficial to the soil
* It is a natural herbicide
* It is beneficial to the leaves and shoots

Answer 2

It is beneficial to the soil

Question 3

Which of the following are advantages of drip irrigation?

1. Efficient water usage
2. Can be used on slopes
3. Reduces chance of salinity
4. Provides protection against frost

Answer 3

1, 2 and 3

Question 4

What conditions impact on noble rot so it develops into grey rot?
* Dry conditions
* Temperatures over 25°C
* Damp, humid mornings
* Persistent rainfall

Answer 4

Persistent rainfall

If rainfall is persistent prior to harvest, the grapes do not get a chance to dry out and noble rot will develop into grey rot.

Question 5

Why is canopy management particularly important in fertile soils?

• Vine vigour will be high so it is important to ensure the canopy is organized to maximize the quality of the microclimate of the leaves and the fruit.
• To reduce water stress in the vines
• Disease levels will be high in fertile soils.
• Fertile soils produce large crops that the vine struggles to ripen fully; canopy management can control this

Answer 5

Vine vigour will be high so it is important to ensure the canopy is organised to maximize the quality of the microclimate of the leaves and the fruit.

Question 6

In relation to chemical weed control what type of herbicide targets below the ground specifically?
* Contact herbicides
* Systemic herbicides
* Broad spectrum herbicides
* Pre-emergence herbicides

Answer 6

Pre-emergence herbicides

Question 7

What is one of the disadvantages of using organic fertilisers in the vineyard?
* They do not improve the structure of the soil.
* They are fast release so need to be applied often to be of any real benefit
* They are expensive to buy
* The nutrients need to incorporated into the soil so that they can be converted into a form that is available to the vine.

Answer 7

The nutrients need to incorporated into the soil so that they can be converted into a form that is available to the vine.

Question 8

What does downy mildew need to spread?
* Shoots need to be a minimum of 20cm in length
* Cool temperatures below 18°C
* Sunlight
* Rainfall/water

Answer 8

Rainfall/water

Question 9

What are the first symptoms of downy mildew infection?
* Young shoots and leaves curl soon after budburst
* It appears as grey and cobweb like patches on both sides of the leaf
* The new canes develop dark brown to black
* It appears as yellow spots on the surface of the leaf

Answer 9

It appears as yellow spots on the surface of the leaf

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a method for artificially improving drainage in a new vineyard site?
* Digging ditches
* Terrace the vineyard
* Improving soil structure
* Sub-soiling

Answer 10

Terrace the vineyard

This is an expensive operation to aid mechanisation of a steep vineyard site.

Question 11

Which is the best way to control eutypa dieback from spreading?
* Sulphur sprays
* By canopy management, ensuring the canopy is open and well ventilated
* By spraying broad spectrum herbicides.
* Applying fungicide to pruning wounds

Answer 11

Applying fungicide to pruning wounds

Large pruning wounds should be sealed, winter pruning should be carried out in dry weather and burn any infected plant material.

Question 12

What is a key difference between fanleaf virus and leafroll virus?
* Leafroll virus can be cured
* Fanleaf is an airborne virus
* Leafroll virus does not affect yield
* Visual symptoms

Answer 12

Visual symptoms

Fanleaf virus can be detected by the deformities that develop in the shoots and leafroll in the leaves

Question 13

If a grower wants to change the grape variety on a vine what is the typical method of grafting called?
* Head (top) grafting
* Whip grafting
* Machine grafting (omega technique)
* Field grafting

Answer 13

Head (top) grafting

The benefit is the root system is well established and the new variety grafted will produce fruit in the coming year

Question 14

Why are the bunches on laterals usually removed during green harvesting?
* Laterals are more susceptible to downy mildew so the fruit may be affected also
* They struggle to ripen fully
* The fruit is more exposed and suffers from over ripeness and sunburn
* They are harvested separately as these bunches are the highest in quality.

Answer 14

They struggle to ripen fully

Question 15

Which part of the vine is grey rot infection most serious for and the most vulnerable to attack?
* Shoots/canes
* Ripening berries
* Flower clusters
* Leaves

Answer 15

Ripening berries

Common and detrimental to wine quality as it weakens the skin of the berries leaving them vulnerable to damage and further infection.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a benefit of cover crops?
* They can be ploughed into the soil to provide nutrients
* They help suppress weeds
* They provide a stable surface for machinery
* They help protect against frost

Answer 16

They help protect against frost

Question 17

What does a winemaker assess in grape berries, destined for white wine production, prior to determining the harvest date?
* Ripeness of the seeds, acids and sugar levels
* Acid and sugar levels
* Phenolic ripeness of the skins, acid and sugar levels
* Health of the fruit, acid and sugar levels

Answer 17

Health of the fruit, acid and sugar levels

Health of the fruit will influence harvest date

Question 18

Why do bush vines have to be hand harvested?
* The spacing is very uneven for bush vines making it difficult for the machine harvester to pass through
* The fruit quality is very high
* The fruiting zone in bush vines is too close to the ground, making it inaccessible for machine harvesters
* A trellis system is required for machine harvesters

Answer 18

A trellis system is required for machine harvesters

Question 19

Which irrigation system is most suitable when there is limited total water supply?
* Flood irrigation
* Drip irrigation
* Fixed overhead sprinkler
* Channel irrigation

Answer 19

Drip irrigation

Question 20

Which of the following needs to be considered when choosing an irrigation system?

• Soil and topography
• Installation costs
• Grape variety needs
• Water availability

Answer 20

All

Question 21

For which one of the following wines is hand-harvesting not required?
* Beaujolais Nouveau
* Champagne
* Sauternes
* Chablis

Answer 21

Chablis

Hand-harvesting is no AOC requirement in Chablis.

Question 22

Which of the following can limit microbial growth on grapes at harvest time?
* Lots of lateral shoots
* Warm temperatures
* Split berries
* Cool temperatures

Answer 22

Cool temperatures

Question 23

What conditions favor spider mites?
* Dusty
* Sunny
* Grassy
* Humid

Answer 23

Dusty

Question 24

What is one of the key differences between organic and biodynamic viticulture?
* Copper is not permitted in biodynamic viticulture
* Biodynamic viticulture is cheaper
* Certain preparations have to be used in biodynamic viticulture
* Herbicides are permitted in organic viticulture

Answer 24

Certain preparations have to be used in biodynamic viticulture

Horn manure and horn silica preparations have to be used

Question 25

Which of the following statements about organic viticulture is true?
* Vineyards can become certified as organic immediately
* All organic certification bodies have the same standards
* Sulfur can be used to combat fungal diseases
* It is the only method of viticulture that promotes biodiversity

Answer 25

Sulfur can be used to combat fungal diseases

Question 26

What could be considered an advantage of growing grapes organically?
* It is an inexpensive way of farming
* Wine can gain an advantage in the market place
* The potential build-up of heavy metals in the soil
* Low maintenance in the vineyard because the vine is left to its own devices

Answer 26

Wine can gain an advantage in the market place

Question 27

How is phomopsis easily detected in vines?
* Stripes appear on the leaves
* Peduncles turn brown and then black patches appear, drying the stems and stopping the berry from ripening
* Canes are whitened and weakened.
* The berries develop a grey dusty coating after fruit set

Answer 27

Canes are whitened and weakened.

Question 28

How is Pierce’s disease spread in vines?
* From infected rootstocks that are not certified
* Sharpshooter
* Germinates and spreads with rainfall or stagnant water
* Through pruning wounds by equipment that carries the disease

Answer 28

Sharpshooter

These insects transmit the bacteria to vines while feeding

Question 29

What impact do the winter months have on powdery mildew?
* It needs to be sprayed continually with sulphur to kill off the fungus
* It kills the fungus because the optimum temperature for growth is 25°C/77ºF
* No impact, the fungus over winters in dormant buds if it exists from the previous growing season
* Winter prunings need to be burned because the disease can live on in the infected wood and leaves that remain on the ground

Answer 29

No impact, the fungus over winters in dormant buds if it exists from the previous growing season

The fungus will be present at bud burst of the following growing season

Question 30

What is a key indicator of powdery mildew infection on berries as they mature?
* Maturing berries do not show any signs of powdery mildew, only the leaves and shoots.
* The berries split, exposing the pips
* Brown spots appear on the berries
* They are covered in a grey/white dust

Answer 30

The berries split, exposing the pips

Question 31

Which two rootstocks are used in areas with serious nematode infestations?

• Dog Ridge and Ramsey
• 110R and 140R
• 41B and 99R
• 420A and 3309C

Answer 31

Dog Ridge and Ramsey

Question 32

In cool climates rootstocks with Vitis riparia in the parentage are often chosen. What is the reason?

• It restricts vigor and advances ripening.
• It is lime tolerant and the predominant soil in Europe has a high pH
• Vitis riparia is resistant to phylloxera
• It prefers humid and cool soils.

Answer 32

It restricts vigour and advances ripening.

Question 33

You are planting a new vineyard in Burgundy and the ph is 7.5. Which rootstock parentage would be the most suitable?
* Vitis vinifera
* Vitis berlandieri
* Vitis champini
* Vitis riparia

Answer 33

Vitis berlandieri

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a way to protect vines from spring frosts?
* Fans or windmills to mix up the cold air with the warmer air above the vines.
* Using burners (oil, gas, tyres) between the rows
* Overhead sprinklers
* Digging up the earth around the trunk of the vine

Answer 34

Digging up the earth around the trunk of the vine

This will not protect against spring frosts; this is a technique to protect the vines against extreme winter freeze.

Question 35

1. In relation to spur pruning, which trellis system doesn’t use a cordon?

• Lyre
• Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)
• Bush vines or untrellised
• Geneva Double Curtain (GDC)

Answer 35

Bush vines or untrellised

The spurs come directly from the crown of the vine.

Question 36

Which of the following cannot be done mechanically?
* Green harvesting
* Pinching
* Shoot positioning
* Shoot removal

Answer 36

Pinching

Pinching removes the shoot tips at flowering to improve fruit set.

Question 37

What do Geneva Double Curtain (GDC), the Lyre and Scott-Henry trellis designs all have in common?

• The yield is increased
• They are inexpensive to install
• Little knowledge required to train the vines
• Machine operations are greatly restricted.

Answer 37

The yield is increased

Compared with VSP the yield in all three designs are increased.