D1 Week 2 - Multiple Choice Revision Questions Flashcards
Which of the following pest and disease management strategies does NOT allow the use of synthetic chemicals?
- Sustainable viticulture
- Conventional viticulture
- Organic viticulture
- Precision viticulture
Organic viticulture
Why is horn manure (500) used in biodynamic viticulture?
* It is a natural fungicide
* It is beneficial to the soil
* It is a natural herbicide
* It is beneficial to the leaves and shoots
It is beneficial to the soil
Which of the following are advantages of drip irrigation?
- Efficient water usage
- Can be used on slopes
- Reduces chance of salinity
- Provides protection against frost
1, 2 and 3
What conditions impact on noble rot so it develops into grey rot?
* Dry conditions
* Temperatures over 25°C
* Damp, humid mornings
* Persistent rainfall
Persistent rainfall
If rainfall is persistent prior to harvest, the grapes do not get a chance to dry out and noble rot will develop into grey rot.
Why is canopy management particularly important in fertile soils?
- Vine vigour will be high so it is important to ensure the canopy is organized to maximize the quality of the microclimate of the leaves and the fruit.
- To reduce water stress in the vines
- Disease levels will be high in fertile soils.
- Fertile soils produce large crops that the vine struggles to ripen fully; canopy management can control this
Vine vigour will be high so it is important to ensure the canopy is organised to maximize the quality of the microclimate of the leaves and the fruit.
In relation to chemical weed control what type of herbicide targets below the ground specifically?
* Contact herbicides
* Systemic herbicides
* Broad spectrum herbicides
* Pre-emergence herbicides
Pre-emergence herbicides
What is one of the disadvantages of using organic fertilisers in the vineyard?
* They do not improve the structure of the soil.
* They are fast release so need to be applied often to be of any real benefit
* They are expensive to buy
* The nutrients need to incorporated into the soil so that they can be converted into a form that is available to the vine.
The nutrients need to incorporated into the soil so that they can be converted into a form that is available to the vine.
What does downy mildew need to spread?
* Shoots need to be a minimum of 20cm in length
* Cool temperatures below 18°C
* Sunlight
* Rainfall/water
Rainfall/water
What are the first symptoms of downy mildew infection?
* Young shoots and leaves curl soon after budburst
* It appears as grey and cobweb like patches on both sides of the leaf
* The new canes develop dark brown to black
* It appears as yellow spots on the surface of the leaf
It appears as yellow spots on the surface of the leaf
Which of the following is NOT a method for artificially improving drainage in a new vineyard site?
* Digging ditches
* Terrace the vineyard
* Improving soil structure
* Sub-soiling
Terrace the vineyard
This is an expensive operation to aid mechanisation of a steep vineyard site.
Which is the best way to control eutypa dieback from spreading?
* Sulphur sprays
* By canopy management, ensuring the canopy is open and well ventilated
* By spraying broad spectrum herbicides.
* Applying fungicide to pruning wounds
Applying fungicide to pruning wounds
Large pruning wounds should be sealed, winter pruning should be carried out in dry weather and burn any infected plant material.
What is a key difference between fanleaf virus and leafroll virus?
* Leafroll virus can be cured
* Fanleaf is an airborne virus
* Leafroll virus does not affect yield
* Visual symptoms
Visual symptoms
Fanleaf virus can be detected by the deformities that develop in the shoots and leafroll in the leaves
If a grower wants to change the grape variety on a vine what is the typical method of grafting called?
* Head (top) grafting
* Whip grafting
* Machine grafting (omega technique)
* Field grafting
Head (top) grafting
The benefit is the root system is well established and the new variety grafted will produce fruit in the coming year
Why are the bunches on laterals usually removed during green harvesting?
* Laterals are more susceptible to downy mildew so the fruit may be affected also
* They struggle to ripen fully
* The fruit is more exposed and suffers from over ripeness and sunburn
* They are harvested separately as these bunches are the highest in quality.
They struggle to ripen fully
Which part of the vine is grey rot infection most serious for and the most vulnerable to attack?
* Shoots/canes
* Ripening berries
* Flower clusters
* Leaves
Ripening berries
Common and detrimental to wine quality as it weakens the skin of the berries leaving them vulnerable to damage and further infection.
Which of the following is not a benefit of cover crops?
* They can be ploughed into the soil to provide nutrients
* They help suppress weeds
* They provide a stable surface for machinery
* They help protect against frost
They help protect against frost
What does a winemaker assess in grape berries, destined for white wine production, prior to determining the harvest date?
* Ripeness of the seeds, acids and sugar levels
* Acid and sugar levels
* Phenolic ripeness of the skins, acid and sugar levels
* Health of the fruit, acid and sugar levels
Health of the fruit, acid and sugar levels
Health of the fruit will influence harvest date
Why do bush vines have to be hand harvested?
* The spacing is very uneven for bush vines making it difficult for the machine harvester to pass through
* The fruit quality is very high
* The fruiting zone in bush vines is too close to the ground, making it inaccessible for machine harvesters
* A trellis system is required for machine harvesters
A trellis system is required for machine harvesters
Which irrigation system is most suitable when there is limited total water supply?
* Flood irrigation
* Drip irrigation
* Fixed overhead sprinkler
* Channel irrigation
Drip irrigation
Which of the following needs to be considered when choosing an irrigation system?
- Soil and topography
- Installation costs
- Grape variety needs
- Water availability
All
For which one of the following wines is hand-harvesting not required?
* Beaujolais Nouveau
* Champagne
* Sauternes
* Chablis
Chablis
Hand-harvesting is no AOC requirement in Chablis.
Which of the following can limit microbial growth on grapes at harvest time?
* Lots of lateral shoots
* Warm temperatures
* Split berries
* Cool temperatures
Cool temperatures
What conditions favor spider mites?
* Dusty
* Sunny
* Grassy
* Humid
Dusty
What is one of the key differences between organic and biodynamic viticulture?
* Copper is not permitted in biodynamic viticulture
* Biodynamic viticulture is cheaper
* Certain preparations have to be used in biodynamic viticulture
* Herbicides are permitted in organic viticulture
Certain preparations have to be used in biodynamic viticulture
Horn manure and horn silica preparations have to be used
Which of the following statements about organic viticulture is true?
* Vineyards can become certified as organic immediately
* All organic certification bodies have the same standards
* Sulfur can be used to combat fungal diseases
* It is the only method of viticulture that promotes biodiversity
Sulfur can be used to combat fungal diseases
What could be considered an advantage of growing grapes organically?
* It is an inexpensive way of farming
* Wine can gain an advantage in the market place
* The potential build-up of heavy metals in the soil
* Low maintenance in the vineyard because the vine is left to its own devices
Wine can gain an advantage in the market place
How is phomopsis easily detected in vines?
* Stripes appear on the leaves
* Peduncles turn brown and then black patches appear, drying the stems and stopping the berry from ripening
* Canes are whitened and weakened.
* The berries develop a grey dusty coating after fruit set
Canes are whitened and weakened.
How is Pierce’s disease spread in vines?
* From infected rootstocks that are not certified
* Sharpshooter
* Germinates and spreads with rainfall or stagnant water
* Through pruning wounds by equipment that carries the disease
Sharpshooter
These insects transmit the bacteria to vines while feeding
What impact do the winter months have on powdery mildew?
* It needs to be sprayed continually with sulphur to kill off the fungus
* It kills the fungus because the optimum temperature for growth is 25°C/77ºF
* No impact, the fungus over winters in dormant buds if it exists from the previous growing season
* Winter prunings need to be burned because the disease can live on in the infected wood and leaves that remain on the ground
No impact, the fungus over winters in dormant buds if it exists from the previous growing season
The fungus will be present at bud burst of the following growing season
What is a key indicator of powdery mildew infection on berries as they mature?
* Maturing berries do not show any signs of powdery mildew, only the leaves and shoots.
* The berries split, exposing the pips
* Brown spots appear on the berries
* They are covered in a grey/white dust
The berries split, exposing the pips
Which two rootstocks are used in areas with serious nematode infestations?
- Dog Ridge and Ramsey
- 110R and 140R
- 41B and 99R
- 420A and 3309C
Dog Ridge and Ramsey
In cool climates rootstocks with Vitis riparia in the parentage are often chosen. What is the reason?
- It restricts vigor and advances ripening.
- It is lime tolerant and the predominant soil in Europe has a high pH
- Vitis riparia is resistant to phylloxera
- It prefers humid and cool soils.
It restricts vigour and advances ripening.
You are planting a new vineyard in Burgundy and the ph is 7.5. Which rootstock parentage would be the most suitable?
* Vitis vinifera
* Vitis berlandieri
* Vitis champini
* Vitis riparia
Vitis berlandieri
Which of the following is NOT a way to protect vines from spring frosts?
* Fans or windmills to mix up the cold air with the warmer air above the vines.
* Using burners (oil, gas, tyres) between the rows
* Overhead sprinklers
* Digging up the earth around the trunk of the vine
Digging up the earth around the trunk of the vine
This will not protect against spring frosts; this is a technique to protect the vines against extreme winter freeze.
- In relation to spur pruning, which trellis system doesn’t use a cordon?
- Lyre
- Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)
- Bush vines or untrellised
- Geneva Double Curtain (GDC)
Bush vines or untrellised
The spurs come directly from the crown of the vine.
Which of the following cannot be done mechanically?
* Green harvesting
* Pinching
* Shoot positioning
* Shoot removal
Pinching
Pinching removes the shoot tips at flowering to improve fruit set.
What do Geneva Double Curtain (GDC), the Lyre and Scott-Henry trellis designs all have in common?
- The yield is increased
- They are inexpensive to install
- Little knowledge required to train the vines
- Machine operations are greatly restricted.
The yield is increased
Compared with VSP the yield in all three designs are increased.
