D1 - Vini and Viti Flashcards
xylem what is it
transport tissue that transfers water and some nutrients from roots to the vine
Millerandage what is and consequences
high proportion of seedless grapes (during fruit set)->reduce volume of wine and green, unripe grape lower the quality of wine
Coulure
grape bunch failed due to high proportion of flowers
phloem what is it
transport tissue that transports sugar from leaves to other parts of the vine
Early ripening grapes
Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
Late ripening grapes
Cabernet Sauvignon
Which nutrients needs for vine?
Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorus
Calcium
Magnesium
Mineralisation what is it
Organisms that live in the soil (bacteria, fungi, earthworm) converts manure or compost into inorganic compounds that vine can take.
What is soil?
Soil = sediment (+humus+water+air) + bedrock
Sediment - sands, pebbles, rocks - moved and deposited by wind or water
humus is an organic matter in the soil that is formed by the partial decomposition of plant and animal material by soil microbes and earthworms. It has a spongey texture, large surface area and is able to adsorb water and nutrients.
The soil in the vineyards - different layers formed at different periods of time, each of which may have different texture, structure and characteristics.
The most important physical elements of a soil are the texture and structure (suitability of the soil for viticulture will depend on the texture and structure and how far roots are able to penetrate (pass through)
Nitrogen effect on vine (growing environment)
Vigor and grape quality, NItrogen is component of protein and chlorophyll.
Too much nitrogen - excessive vegetal growth
too little nitrogen - problematic fermentation
Potassium effect on vine (growing environment)
it helps regulate flow of water in vine.
High potassium -> problem for uptake magnesium->reduce yields, poor ripening.
high potassium ->high pH in grapes
Low potassium ->low sugar accumulation (poor vine growth, reduce yields)
Phosphorus effect on vine
important for photosynthesis.
Magnesium effect on vine
found in chlorophyll and has key role in photosynthesis (deficiency can cause reduce yields and poor ripening)
What is biomass?
total quantity or weight of organisms in a given area or volume
Rootstock , which specie?
many rootstocks are hybrid of 2 different vine species (to take advantage to take both parents characteristics)
Which criteria need to consider a vine grower when choosing the rootstock?
Pests
Water
Soil pH
Vigour
low pH soil
acidic soil
high pH soil
alkaline soil or high lime content (limestone soil) (non-acidic)
what is cover crop?
other plants - for organic viticulture , for more roots - more prevent from erosion and contribute to the improvement of the life of the soil. Green manure (improving biodiversity) - access to nitrogen and carbon dioxide
What is soil texture and structure?
Texture is describes proportions of mineral particles of sand, silt and clay.
Sand - loose texture, clay - tight soil
Structure - describes mineral particles in the soil form aggregates (crumbs).
…. ???
4 factors leading to good soil health?
- Good soil structure
- abundance of organic matter and humus
- presence of living organisms
- available nutrients
5 characteristics of good soil structure?
- Good drainage
- Capacity of water retention (sufficient water-holding capacity)
- Ability to resist erosion
- Availability to penetrate the roots to sufficient depth
- Sufficient oxygen
What effect does the presence of organic matter and humus have on soil?
- decomposing organic matter supplies nutrients
- humus improves the structure of soil and its water
- holding capacity
What effect does the presence of living organisms have on soil?
earthworms and microbes break down organic matter into humus and inorganic nutrients that accessible to the vine
what can poor soil health lead to?
problems with the availability and uptake of nutrients and water in the soil leading to poor vine growth and grape ripening
Vigour of vine depends on?
vigour depends on natural resources (t°, water and nutrients), planting material (grape variety, clone, rootstock), and presence of any disease.
Six aims of canopy management?
- Maximise the effectiveness of light
- Reduce shade
- Ensure microclimate is uniform so grapes ripen evenly
- Balance between vegetative and reproductive functions
- Arrange to ease mechanisation
- Promote air circulation to reduce disease
Problems with dense canopies?
- poor air circulation
- higher humidity
- suitable condition for fungal
- fungicides will have less penetration into canopy
Six main canopy management techniques are?
- Vine training
- Vine pruning
- Site assessment to determine the ideal grape variety, rootstock visor, planting density and row orientation
- Winter pruning
- Summer pruning
- overall plant vigour management
What vineyard operations are performed during Summer Pruning?
- Shoot positioning
- Shoot removal
- pinching
- Disbudding
- Shoot trimming
- leaf removal
- green harvest
What is transpiration?
Water take from roots
Nematode resistance rootstock?
Ramsey and Dog Ridge
What is food for spider mites?
They eat surface cells of leaves
What is food for grape moths?
They eat flowers and grapes
What is food for nematodes?
Its a microscopic worms in soil, they eat vine roots.
What is food for phylloxera?
Insects - they eat vine root and lay eggs on the roots.
Symptoms of phylloxera?
- Vines die of drought in patches and next year also
- vine roots covered with insects, surrounded by yellow eggs
- Pale green galls on the under-surface of the leaves
- slow shoot growth, leaf yellow in 3 years, after 5 years plant die.
What is mulches
Mulches are usually made of biodegradable materials, such as straw or bark chips, that provide nutrients for the vine. Material with high nutrient content can be chosen for nutrient-poor vineyards.
How to treat powdery mildew?
- open canopy
- fungicides
- sulfur (spray from 2nd week of bud burst until veraison)
What are fungal name (caused) for Powdery mildew, Downy mildew, Grey rot?
PM - Erysophe (Odium tucker)
DM - Peronospora
GR - Botrytis Cinerea
Name 2 virus diseases?
Fanleaf virus
Leafroll virus
Fanleaf virus how spread and behave?
Discoloration, late or delay shoot, and leafs looks like a fan.
Spread: grafting and dagger nematodes
Prevent: no cure, check the soil virus-test the soil for presence of dagger nematodes, clean planting material
what is phloem?
transport tissue that transports sugar from leaves to other parts of the vine)
Tool that measures the sugar level in the grape?
refractometer
How to stop or prevent MLF?
- Add enzyme lysozyme (kills lactic acid bacteria)
- move out to other part of winery
- filter out lactic acid bacteria
Conditions that stop or prevent MLF?
- t below 15 C
- low pH
- moderate SO2
Reverse osmosis?
Cross flow filtration of alcohol and water,
then that is distilled to remove alcohol
How fining agent works?
Fining agent must have opposite charge from wine colloid. The fining agent and colloid attract each other and form a solid large enough to be removed by racking or filtration.
Diatomaceous earth also known as?
Kaiselguhr
Depth filtration types lof filters?
Diatomaceous earth
Sheet filters
Free SO2 meaning? Which one effective SO2?
When SO2 added - it dissolves and some reacts.
This proportion called “bound SO2” - ineffective
“free SO2” - not bound
Free SO2 exists in relatively inactive form and a small proportion exists as molecular SO2 - which is most effective against oxidation and microbes.
Most effective one - molecular SO2 (which exist in free SO2)
When pH low - higher free SO2 - much effective
high pH - add more SO2
What is sparging?
Process that removes oxygen from the wine before bottling.
why? oxygen in wine will reduce shelf life
What are management options for drought?
irrigation
drought resistant rootstock
drought tolerant variety (Garnacha)
What are techniques to clarify must or wine?
Sedimentation
Centrifugation
Clarifying agent
Filtration
What techniques for enrichment?
- Adding dry sugar - chaptalisation - most common
- Adding grape must
- RCGM
- Reverse osmosis
- Vacuum extraction
- Chilling- cryoeztraction
Techniques to reduce alcohol
- Adding water
- Reverse osmosis
- Spinning cone
Acidification?
- Citric acid
- Tartaric acid - most common
- Malic acid
- Lactic acid
Deacidification?
- Calcium carbonate
- Potassium carbonate
- Ion exchange
what is stomata?
Stomata are pores on the underside of leaves that allow a plant to take in carbon dioxide, which is needed for photosynthesis;
They also allow water vapor to diffuse out of the plant, but when conditions are hot or dry they can close to reduce water loss, but limits photosynthesis by preventing carbon dioxide from entering the vine.
What is inflorescence?
A cluster of flowers on a stem which, when fertilized, develops into a bunch of grapes at fruit set.
What is a cutting?
A section of a vine shoot that is planted which then grows as a new plant.
What is layering and how is it done?
The shoot is bent down and a section of it is buried in the ground with the tip of it pointing up out of the ground. The buried part of the shoot takes root. Once the new roots are established, the cane linking the new growth to the original plant is cut.
The new vine now grows on its own roots, not those of a rootstock, which can be problematic in that the new roots don’t offer any kind of resistance to phylloxera.
What is clonal selection?
When vine nurseries or grape growers propagate a vine that has somewhat different but desirable characteristics, or mutations, by using cuttings from that vine to grow new vines which will then have the same desirable and somewhat different characteristics (mutations).
What is Mass Selection (also known as Sélection Massale)?
technique that vineyard owners take cutting from their vines and cultivate these cuttings (generally from best performing vines). These cutting can be sent to nursery for grafting onto rootstocks.
Advantages - increase diversity,
using own planting material
Disadvantages - costly if you are big wineries, grape grower may not be aware that vine is virus effected.
Potassium is important for?
help regulate flow of water.
very high level of potassium - problem to uptake magnesium
low level - low sugar accumulation in the grapes->reduce yield
NItrogen is important for?
Impact vine vigour and grape quality. Its a component of protein and chlorophil.
too much nitrogen in the soil - excess vegetative growth
too little nitrogen - yellowing vine leave->reduce yields
grapes low nitrogen ->problematic for fermentation
Phosphorus is important for?
for photosynthesis
low phosphorus - diminish (weak) water take up and nutrients
magnesium is important for?
found in chlorophil and important for photosynthesis
low magnesium - poor ripening
calcium is important for?
in the structure of plant cell and photosynthesis
low calcium - negative influence on fruit set
2 types of frosts?
- advective frost (cold air from cold area)
- radiative frost (cold air will collect at valley bottom because heat will lost on still, cool nights, freezing cold air will develop)
what are management options for excess of water?
plant on slope
free draining soil
construction of drainage system
what are management options for untimely rainfall?
nothing can be done:
choice of site - slopes
soil
drainage
monitoring the forecast - early harvest with less-ripe fruits or risk to lose
what are management options for freeze?
hillside sides
vineyards near large bodies of water
vineyards must be planted where snow is most thick
Cab.F, Riesling choice or Concord
reactive:
- build up soil around the graft, bury vines - expensive
-vines can be pruned to have several trunks, so that killed in winter can be replaced.
what are management options for frost?
how to reduce risk:
1. avoid frost pockets
2. delaying pruning
3. type of grape variety (late budding)
4. training high off the ground
5. bare soil between the rows (cover crops increase risk of frost)
how to combat:
1. water sprinklers
2. wind machines (helicopters)
3. smudge pots
what are management options for hail?
- rockets - silver iodide - cause rainfall than hail
- netting (Mendoza)
- strategic planning (different vineyards in different areas Burgundy)
- insurance against hail - expensive
what are management options for sunburn?
- Canopy managememnt
- Row orientation - avoid from east to west (avoid hottest aspects) better north-south orientation.
- if heatwave is forecast - additional irrigation (avoid water stress)
- sunscreen spray and shading with cloth or net
what are management options for fire?
- employee training
- install fire detectors and sprinklers
- install and maintain water tanks
what are management options for smoke taint?
- micro-vinification (make an analysis) make sample
- hand-harvest, gentle and whole bunch pressing (to get more fruitiness), fermentation in low temperatures, shorter/less maceration (all to increase fruitiness)
- flash-detente or reverse osmosis
- can blend with unaffected wines
6 pests types?
- phylloxera
- mammals
- birds
- spider mites
- grape moths
6.nematodes
6 fungal diseases?
- powdery mildew
- downy mildew
- esca
- grey rot
- eutypa dieback
- phomopsis cane and leaf spot
2 types of bacterial diseases?
- Pierce’s disease
- Grapevine yellows
2 types of viruses?
- Fanleaf virus
- Leafroll virus
What is vector?
is an organism that transmit a disease (sharpshooter - Pierce’s Disease and leafhopper - grapevine yellows)
6 aims of canopy management?
- Maximise the effectivenesss of light interception
- Reduce the shade within the canopy
- Ensure that microclimate is as uniform as possible so that grapes ripen evenly
- balance between vegetative and reproductive functions of the vine
- ease mechanisation and/or manual labour
- air circulation to reduce incidence of disease
What is green harvest?
or “crop thinning”, Its when you harvest grape bunches during summer time to increase ripiness of those bunches that left on the vine. It can enhance ripening process and improve unformity of ripiness.
Mist, fog and cloud influence?
Sonoma, Napa, Leyda Valley, Sauternes
limited sunlight ->reduce photosynthesys ->slow down sugar accumulation and acid degradation. (beneficial in warm climate for early ripening grapes)
Mist & fog - increased humid ->fungal disease,
if sunny and warm afternoon ->noble rot (Sauternes)
Characteristics of the soil for effect on temperature?
- Drainage - sandy, stony - warm up quickly (desirable in cool climate - budburst - but frost risk)
- Colour
light color (chalk Sancerre) - extra solar radiation
dark color (volcanic soil Etna) - absorb energy and re-radiate at night (beneficial in cool climate)
stony soil - absorb heat and release at night
Winds effect on the temperature?
- warming or cooling t
- pretect from disease
- increase evapotranspiration rate
- damage vines and vineyard trellising
Proximity to water effect on t?
- temperature
- protect from frost
- coastal area - moderate t (Bordeaux, Oregon)
- Radiation reflected from water surface (depend on angle, high altitude increase angle)
- El Nino and La Nina (weather affect on Pacific)
El Nino
Washington & Oregon, Australia - dry and warm t (AUS drought)
South America & California - high rainfall, warm t (hurricaine)
La Nina
Washington & Oregon, Australia - cool t , wet
South America & California - warm t, dry
angle of solar radiation?
angle at equator 90* = more heat
far from equator - lower angle (low angle = less heat)
low angle - high latitude
slopes - increase angle -> increase heat
slopes beneficial at cool climates
4 stages of grape development?
- Early grape growth
- Veraison
- Ripening
- Extra ripening
Early grape growth stage?
- green grapes grow in size
- tartaric and malic acid accumulate
- aroma compounds and precursors develop
- tannins accumulate
- sugar is low - best for this period mild water stress
Veraison stage ?
- grape growth slow down
- grapes cells - stretchy and subtle
- color change (black grape become red)
Ripening stage?
level of sugar - key parameter of ripening
1. acid - malic down->total acid down
2. methoxypyrazine down, other aroma up
3. tannin - start to decrease and polimerize
4. anthocyanin up
extra ripening stage?
- grapes shrivel
- no more sugar or water imported to grape
- water loss through transpiration (sugar concentration)
- extra ripe aroma develop
Diurnal range in regions with near water and high altitude?
in continental or high altitude - high DR
regions near body of water - low DR
High DR favorable in which regions?
in warm, hot climate
Mendoza or Ribera del Duero - slow down acid lost and beneficial for formation of anthicyanins and aroma retention - rotundone
low DR beneficial for which regions?
in cool, moderate climate
Mornington Peninsula or Mosel
allo ripening (even at night)
breakdown methoxypyrazine
Too much or too less water affect on during ripening period?
- too much - dilution & grape spitting (botrytis)
- too less - grape shrivel and reduce desired level of ripiness
Vine need water to survive how much?
500 mm in cool climate
750 mm in warm climate
What are organic nutrients for soil?
Manure or compost (that they have to break down by worms, bacteria to be available for vine take nutrients - called mineralisation)
What is mineralisation?
Organic turn to inorganic by help with worms or bacteria or fungi.
Manure or compost (that they have to break down by worms, bacteria to be available for vine take nutrients - called mineralisation)
Chlorosis is what?
High pH soil
(limestone soil or high calcium carbonate) - vine not able to take iron -> leaves turn yellow - chlorosis
How natural factor make nutrients available for vine?
- soil pH (high soil pH - chlorosis)
- soil health - if earthworms, bacteria and fungi - can convert compost or manure into available nutrient to the vine
- soil texture (high clay - holding capacity up, sandy soil down, but humus can increase capasity of holding)
- soil topography (slopes down, plains, valley floor - high fertile)
How to improve nutrients in the soil
Normally vine need low nutrients - so many soil is suitable for vine,
but can improve by:
1. adding compost
2. fertilisers
3. cover crop
4. mulching
(see again managing nutrients and water chapter 6)
4 types of classifying climate ?
- GDD - (Winkler) - (av t - 10)(Apr-Oct)+summ all
- Hunglin Index - similar GDD, but take into account mean&max t, daylength in high latitude
- MJT - mean Jan/Jul t + himudity, continentality, hours of sunshine
- GST - mean t of growing season
What is mean continentality?
is a measure of difference annual t of hottest and coldest month.
Large bodies of water, ocean, sea, large lake - moderating affect winter t and summer t
Coastal - low continentality -> maritime or mediterranean
Regions far inland from ocean - continental
Conventional viticulture aims?
Increase production and reduce labour
Conventional viticulture use of?
- mechanisation
- chemical inputs (herbicides, disease, pest agrochemicals, fertilisers etc)
- irrigartion
- clonal selection
what is lutte resonée?
Integrated Pest Management - is a key part in sustainable viticulture
economic threshold meaning in sustainable viticulture?
when level of damage exceed the cost of intervention
Lutte Raisonee what can do?
IPM - build on on some organic insights but can use chemicals,
IPM will give detailed instruction to grape grower how to identify and monitor pests or disease and will tell limit when can use chemical.
He will tell also how to set preventative measures
they also seek - first to boost grape own defence system
Plus and minus of Sustainable viticulture?
+
1. more thoughful approach
2. use scientific understanding
3. reduction in spraying
4. cost saving
-
1. not protected
2. can be too low standards (ex NZ)
What is Bordeaux mixture and when use?
Copper sulfate with lime (use for downy mildew) . protection of these mildew only last until 20 mm of rain has fallen.
Organic viticulture aim and DONT’s?
aim :
1. improve soil
2. range of micorbes & animals
within both increase health of vine and disease resistant
Reject:
1. synthetic fertilisers
2. herbicides
3. pesticides
4. fundicides
Instead use:
synthetic fertilisers - natural fertiliser which is animal manure, natural calcium carbonate, compost
pesticides - cover crop
pesticides - natural predators, bacteria bacillus subtillus, sexual confusion
fungicides - bordeaux mixture, sulfur and copper culfate
The key features of Organic Viticulture?
- Compost - nutrient for vine, improve structure of soil, increase biomass
- Natural fertilisers - animal manure, natural calcium carbonate - the idea is restore balance of the vineyard
- cover crop - cultivation of it improve of life in the soil (green manure)
- reduction of monoculture - cover crop, planting hedges, biodiversity
The key features of Biodynamic Viticulture?
- Builds upon organic
- The vineyard soil is seen as part of a connected system with the planet Earth, the air and other planets.
- Practitioners adapt their grape growing practices to coincide with the cycles of the planets, moon and stars.
- Special biodynamic preparations are used to treat the vines.
What are ‘preparations’?
- Homeopathic remedies based on natural treatments
- Used to fertilise the soil, treat diseases and ward off pests
What is Preparation 500?
horn manure
- Cow manure stuffed into cow’s horn
- Burying horn in the soil throughout the winter
- Later dug up and the contents are dynamised (stirring the contents of the horn into water)
- Sprayed onto the soil as a homeopathic compost
Goal: manure is believed to catalyse humus formation
What is Preparation 501?
A treatment based on silica
- Fill a cow’s horn with ground quartz (silica)
- Bury it for six months
- Then dug up, dynamised and sprayed onto the soil
- Goal: silica is thought to encourage plant growth
What are Preparations 502-507?
- Belief: compost has to be first ‘activated’ by a series of starters added in tiny quantities
- Starters: yarrow, chamomile, nettle, oak bark, dandelion or valerian prepared in various ways; for example, the yarrow in a deer’s bladder
- Goal: assist with the decomposition of the compost.
What is precision viticulture (PV)?
- A branch of precision agriculture.
- Utilises data from the vineyard (soil, vine vigour, topography, plant growth).
- Responds to variations from plot to plot and row to row.
PV what is difference than traditional viticulture?
- Targeted interventions based on collected data.
- Precise actions for pruning, leaf removal, treatments, irrigation, crop thinning, and harvesting.
Examples of changes made based on the collected data for PV:
- Changing rootstock based on soil fertility.
- Increasing leaf-stripping in areas with high vine vigour.