D1 Nutrition

Question 1

Nutrient

Answer 1

A substance needed for the body to provide energy / materials for metabolic reactions

Question 2

Essential Nutrient

Answer 2

Nutrients that cannot be synthesised by the body.

Question 3

Gland

Answer 3

organ in body that synthesises a substance for release

Question 4

Types of nutrients for metabolic reactions

Answer 4

1) Minerals
2) Vitamins
3) Fatty acids
4) Amino acids

Question 5

Minearls

Answer 5

Inorganic elements/compounds
- long lasting, small amounts
- 16 essentials (e.g Iron => anemia)

Question 6

Vitamins

Answer 6

Organic compounds
- long lived, small quantities
- 13 essential

Question 7

Vitamin C

Answer 7

Derived from several plant sources
Can be synthesised by most vertebrates
Primitives have a mutation that stops them from making C.
Used in collagen in bone, cartilage, muscles and blood vessels.
Can prevent wrinkled skin.

Question 8

Vitamin D

Answer 8

Derived from oily fish, red meat, egg yolks, the sun.
Used for calcium absorption in bone tissue

Skin cells can manufacture vitamin D with U.V from the sun
LIGHTER SKIN TONES:
Can synthesise vitamin D better but have high cancer risk
Cannot synthesise vitamin D as easily but have low cancer risk

Question 9

Rickets

Answer 9

VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (no calcium absorp)
Growing bones in children which are malformed
Effects: Bowed limbs, not full height

Question 10

Fatty Acids

Answer 10

Carbon chains that can be attached to glycerol to form triglyceride.
- 2 Neccessary ones Omega-6, Omega-3 Acid.
(if not present then inability to make enzymes)
Can be found in spinach, soybeans and nuts
Used: cell membrane, cholesterol, hormones.

Question 11

Amino Acids

Answer 11

Carbon-based monomers of polypeptides
- 9/20 essential ones
body has no way to store amino acids

Question 12

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 12

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
- Diagnosed immidiately after birth (blood test)
The body cannot produce the enzyme that breaks phenylalanine and so it builds up in the blood

Can result in mental retardation, seizures, severe behaviour problems and death.
- Have to eat a low protein diet

Question 13

Nutrition Disorders

Answer 13

3 types: Deficiency, Imbalance, Excess

Disruption of the negative feedback loop
- Vagus nerve signals hypothalamus “stomach is full” (stop eat)
- Leptin (adipose tissue hormone) can tell hypothalamus to stop the appetite as well

If hypothalamus damaged then disruption
- Compulsive eating and advertisement can override the negative feedback loop

Question 14

Deficiency

Answer 14

lacking nutrients or calories
- starvation & breakdown of glycogen, fats & muscle

Question 15

Imbalance

Answer 15

lacks or excess of a certain nutrient
- relying on a single food source

Question 16

Excess

Answer 16

consumes more calories or nutrient than burn
- too many lipids , overweight

Question 17

Overweight

Answer 17

BMI > 25
- hypertension
- type 2 diabetes

Question 18

Anorexia

Answer 18

Obsession with data food consumption
- organ damage, irregular heartbeat, thinning hair, death.

Question 19

Large doses of vitamins

Answer 19

No way to store an excess amount of vitamins
- Pee (vitamins are water soluble)
- causes problems to reajust to normal level)

Question 20

Exocrine gland Acinus

Answer 20

1 acinus is the fundamental unit of a gland
Multiple acini are found in one gland
Secretory cells are a single layer that release into the lumen
Lots of rER, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria and secretory vesicles

Question 21

Inactive precursors to prevent cell digestion of producing cells.

Answer 21

Pepsinogen + HCl -> Pepsin
- Stomach exocrine cells
Trypsinogen + Enterokinase -> Trypsin
- Pancreas exocrine cells