Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1. Alba Science 7 in English 0% since French is coming > D Structures and Forces > Flashcards

D Structures and Forces Flashcards

1
Q

structure

A
  • an object that provides support
  • can be made of one or more parts
  • could be large or small
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

structural strength

A
  • capacity to hold itself up as well as any weight added to it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

structural stability

A
  • ability to maintain its position even when it is being acted on by a force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

solid structure

A
  • formed from one solid piece or solid combination of pieces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

frame structure

A
  • made up of a rigid arrangement of parts fastened together (you can see gaps between the parts such as in a wheel)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

shell structure

A
  • solid outer surface and hollow inner area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was the main function of the benches that was overlooked in the design task?

A

Their function was to provide comfortable, inviting seating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What materials were used to build the benches?

A

Block-like concrete.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was the primary concern raised by the parks commission after the benches were installed?

A

Few people ever use the benches because they are unappealing and uncomfortable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False: The design focused too much on durability and security.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fill in the blank: The benches were designed to be _______ and secure.

A

[durable]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What profession is the person designing the benches?

A

Landscape designer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the consequence of not considering the benches’ main function?

A

The benches were rarely used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an important consideration in the design of public seating?

A

Comfort and appeal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did the landscape designer prioritize in their bench design?

A

Durability and security.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the primary function of an airplane?

A

Movement and shelter

An airplane serves to transport people and goods while providing a space for them during travel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the primary function of a train?

A

Movement and shelter

A train can transport both people and cargo, offering protection during transit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is it important for a designer to know all functions of a planned structure?

A

To design a structure that will be used effectively

Understanding the functions helps in creating a structure that meets user needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What human need does an inukshuk meet?

A

Expresses joy and much happiness

Inukshuit are symbols of Inuit culture and convey positive feelings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What additional role do many types of inukshuit serve?

A

Provide valuable information for travellers

Inukshuit can act as navigational aids in the Canadian North.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the necessary characteristics for inukshuit to fulfill their role?

A

Clearly visible, stable, and strong

These attributes ensure that inukshuit can effectively guide and inform travellers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the primary function of an airplane?

A

Movement and shelter

An airplane serves to transport people and goods while providing a space for them during travel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the primary function of a train?

A

Movement and shelter

A train can transport both people and cargo, offering protection during transit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is it important for a designer to know all functions of a planned structure?

A

To design a structure that will be used effectively

Understanding the functions helps in creating a structure that meets user needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What human need does an inukshuk meet?

A

Expresses joy and much happiness

Inukshuit are symbols of Inuit culture and convey positive feelings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What additional role do many types of inukshuit serve?

A

Provide valuable information for travellers

Inukshuit can act as navigational aids in the Canadian North.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the necessary characteristics for inukshuit to fulfill their role?

A

Clearly visible, stable, and strong

These attributes ensure that inukshuit can effectively guide and inform travellers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What common aspect do all successful technological solutions share?

A

They pay close attention to function.

Functionality is crucial in solving technological problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Who is the Canadian inventor mentioned in the text?

A

Norman Breakey.

Norman Breakey invented the hand-held paint roller.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What problem did Norman Breakey aim to solve in 1940?

A

How to paint a large wall quickly and inexpensively.

Traditional methods like paint brushes were slow and wasteful.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What was one of the main considerations for Breakey’s design of the paint roller?

A

It had to be light enough for people to handle.

Ease of use in various spaces was also important.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the primary function of the hand-held paint roller invented by Breakey?

A

To allow paint to be rolled on quickly and smoothly.

This innovation improved efficiency in painting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Fill in the blank: The hand-held paint roller is used by _______ and do-it-yourself painters all over the world.

A

[professional painters]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

True or False: The hand-held paint roller was designed to be expensive and complex.

A

False.

It was designed to be inexpensive and easy to use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What modification process did Breakey go through before finalizing his invention?

A

He made many modifications to his prototype.

Iteration is key in the design process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

List two key characteristics that Breakey’s paint roller design needed to have.

A
  • Easy to use in large or small spaces
  • Inexpensive to make
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are structures classified according to?

A

Structures can be interpreted and classified according to the materials and components they are made of

This classification helps in understanding both natural and human-built structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How can one analyze the characteristics of structures?

A

By matching natural structures with similar human-built structures and comparing their similarities and differences

Characteristics can include shape, function, materials, and mechanisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Fill in the blank: A bat’s wing and an airplane wing are similar in _______.

A

shape

This similarity allows both structures to fulfill the function of flight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

True or False: The materials used in a bat’s wing and an airplane wing are the same.

A

False

They differ significantly in materials, with bat wings made of biological tissues and airplane wings made of metal and composite materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What function do both bat’s wings and airplane wings serve?

A

Both provide a means to fly

This functional similarity is a key point in comparing natural and human-engineered structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is one major difference between a bat’s wing and an airplane wing?

A

The materials they are made of

Bat wings are composed of organic materials, while airplane wings are typically constructed from metals and composites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does aesthetics refer to?

A

The pleasing appearance or effect that an object has because of its design.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Do all structures need to be aesthetically pleasing?

A

No, not all structures need to be aesthetically pleasing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is an example of a structure that does not need to be beautiful in design?

A

The framework supporting a train trestle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the essential qualities that a train trestle framework must have?

A

Strong and stable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What should a park band shell be like in terms of aesthetics?

A

Pleasing to look at and use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Fill in the blank: Aesthetics refers to the _______ appearance or effect that an object has because of its design.

A

[pleasing]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does aesthetics refer to?

A

The pleasing appearance or effect that an object has because of its design.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Do all structures need to be aesthetically pleasing?

A

No, not all structures need to be aesthetically pleasing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is an example of a structure that does not need to be beautiful in design?

A

The framework supporting a train trestle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the essential qualities that a train trestle framework must have?

A

Strong and stable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What should a park band shell be like in terms of aesthetics?

A

Pleasing to look at and use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Fill in the blank: Aesthetics refers to the _______ appearance or effect that an object has because of its design.

A

[pleasing]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are structures that provide protection and are portable?

A

Teepees, yurts, and tents

Examples include North American teepees, Siberian yurts, and tents from the Middle East.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What material was commonly used for houses built by early peoples in Europe?

A

Sod

Sod is made from clumps of earth and was also used by pioneers in the Prairies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Why were sod houses popular among early peoples?

A

Easy to obtain and cost nothing

Sod provided a relatively protected enclosure that could be heated by fire.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Fill in the blank: Many people around the world built homes that provided protection and were _______.

A

portable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

True or False: The structures built by different cultures are all the same.

A

False

Structures vary widely among different cultures and times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What traditional materials are used for constructing houses in hot climates?

A

Sun-baked brick (adobe), clay, or mud

These materials help keep interiors cool under intense sun.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the purpose of the shell form in hot climate houses?

A

To create interiors that can be kept cool

The shell form typically has few windows or door openings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What types of materials have been used for dwellings in warm, wet countries?

A

Grasses and bamboo

These materials have been used for hundreds of years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Why are some homes in wet countries constructed high on stilts?

A

To raise the dwelling above wet ground

This helps protect the homes from flooding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What two essential characteristics do effective structures share?

A
  • They are all basically stable
  • They all provide shelter for the people who live in them

These characteristics are crucial for the functionality of any dwelling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

True or False: Houses in hot climates are often built with many windows to allow for ventilation.

A

False

These houses typically have few windows or door openings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Fill in the blank: Dwellings made of grasses and bamboo have been built for _______ in many warm, wet countries.

A

[hundreds of years]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is a force?

A

A push or pull that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Does the size of a force have an effect on your ability to resist it? True or False?

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What should you do to avoid injury when testing the size of a force?

A

Do not overload your hands and allow time for your arms to recover.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is being tested in Figure 2.2?

A

The effect of the direction of a force on your ability to resist it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What should you do before testing the direction of a force?

A

Record your prediction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What type of pressure should be applied during the experiment?

A

Gentle but firm pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Fill in the blank: A force is a _____ that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape.

A

[push or pull]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is a force?

A

A push or pull that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Does the size of a force have an effect on your ability to resist it? True or False?

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What should you do to avoid injury when testing the size of a force?

A

Do not overload your hands and allow time for your arms to recover.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is being tested in Figure 2.2?

A

The effect of the direction of a force on your ability to resist it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What should you do before testing the direction of a force?

A

Record your prediction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What type of pressure should be applied during the experiment?

A

Gentle but firm pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Fill in the blank: A force is a _____ that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape.

A

[push or pull]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What are the three factors that determine the effect of a force on a structure?

A

The magnitude of the force, the direction of the force, the location where the force is applied

These factors are critical in engineering and physics to predict how structures will respond to applied forces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Define the term ‘magnitude’ in the context of forces.

A

The size of the force

Magnitude is a quantitative measure that affects how much a force will impact a structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

True or False: The direction of a force does not affect its impact on a structure.

A

False

The direction of a force is one of the key factors that determine its effect on a structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ where the force is applied is one of the three factors that influence the effect of that force on a structure.

A

location

The location of force application can significantly affect structural integrity and performance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What are the three factors that determine the effect of a force on a structure?

A

The magnitude of the force, the direction of the force, and the location where the force is applied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Fill in the blank: The actual effect of a force on a structure depends on its _______.

A

[magnitude, direction, and location]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

True or False: The bigger a force’s magnitude, the weaker its effect on a structure.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What does the magnitude of a force refer to?

A

The size of the force.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is meant by the direction of a force?

A

The orientation in which the force is applied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What does the location refer to in the context of force application?

A

The specific point on the structure where the force is applied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

How does the magnitude of a force affect its strength?

A

The bigger the force’s magnitude, the stronger it is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

How are forces represented in drawings?

A

Forces are represented by arrows.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What does the direction of an arrow indicate in force representation?

A

The direction in which the force is acting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What does the length or size of an arrow represent?

A

How strong the force is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What happens to the effect of a force as its magnitude increases?

A

The stronger the force, the more effect it will have on a structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What factor influences the effect of a strong force on a structure?

A

The mass of the structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

True or False: The effect of a force is solely determined by its magnitude.

A

False.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What determines the effect of a force on a structure aside from its magnitude?

A

The direction in which the force acts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Fill in the blank: The bigger a force’s ______, the stronger it is.

A

magnitude.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What can be inferred when two forces have the same magnitude but different directions?

A

They may have different effects on the structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What is a key visual representation tool for understanding forces acting on structures?

A

Arrows in drawings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What effect does the location of force application have on an object?

A

It affects the outcome, potentially causing the object to topple if applied too high.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

True or False: Applying a force at a point high up on an object may cause it to slide without toppling.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Fill in the blank: The outcome of applying a force depends on the _______ at which it is applied.

A

[location]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

What may happen when a force is applied too high up on an object?

A

It may cause the object to topple over.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

In the context of pushing a fridge, which direction is more difficult?

A

Pushing it in one direction (A) compared to the other direction (B).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What effect does the location of force application have on an object?

A

It affects the outcome, potentially causing the object to topple if applied too high.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

True or False: Applying a force at a point high up on an object may cause it to slide without toppling.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Fill in the blank: The outcome of applying a force depends on the _______ at which it is applied.

A

[location]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What may happen when a force is applied too high up on an object?

A

It may cause the object to topple over.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

In the context of pushing a fridge, which direction is more difficult?

A

Pushing it in one direction (A) compared to the other direction (B).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

What is the standard unit for measuring force?

A

The newton (N)

The newton is named after Sir Isaac Newton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

How much force is needed to hold up a mass of 100 g?

A

One newton

This is similar to the force required to hold an apple in your hand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

How much force is approximately needed to hold a 1-kg book?

A

About 10 N

This is a practical example of force measurement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Who is the newton named after?

A

Sir Isaac Newton

He was an English scientist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

In what year did Sir Isaac Newton describe the ‘law of gravitation’?

A

1687

This was a significant contribution to physics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Fill in the blank: One newton is the amount of force needed to hold up a mass of _______.

A

100 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

What role do mass and distance play in Newton’s law of gravitation?

A

They are key factors in the law

The law describes how gravitational force depends on the masses involved and the distance between them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What is an external force?

A

A force that is applied on a structure by something else.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Give an example of an external force.

A

Walking into wind or standing in waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

What must all structures on Earth be able to resist?

A

The force of gravity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

How does gravity act on objects on Earth?

A

It constantly pulls them towards the Earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of matter in an object.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

What is the relationship between mass and gravitational force?

A

The more mass an object has, the greater the gravitational force.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

What do astronauts experience when the space shuttle orbits Earth?

A

Weightlessness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Fill in the blank: Gravity is the pull of _______.

A

Earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

True or False: Gravity is considered an external force.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

What is the point where we can think of the downward force of gravity acting on a structure?

A

Centre of gravity

The centre of gravity is an imaginary point that helps in analyzing the stability of structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

What happens to your body when you stand on one foot due to gravity?

A

You might have to move your arms or lean to one side

This illustrates the effect of gravity on balance and stability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

How does the location of the centre of gravity affect a structure?

A

It determines the structure’s stability

A structure supported at its centre of gravity will remain balanced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

True or False: Gravity acts on all parts of a structure equally.

A

True

Gravity influences every part, but the centre of gravity is a singular point for analysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is where gravity acts on a structure.

A

centre of gravity

This concept is crucial for understanding stability in physical structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

What is the point where we can think of the downward force of gravity acting on a structure?

A

Centre of gravity

The centre of gravity is an imaginary point that helps in analyzing the stability of structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

What happens to your body when you stand on one foot due to gravity?

A

You might have to move your arms or lean to one side

This illustrates the effect of gravity on balance and stability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

How does the location of the centre of gravity affect a structure?

A

It determines the structure’s stability

A structure supported at its centre of gravity will remain balanced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

True or False: Gravity acts on all parts of a structure equally.

A

True

Gravity influences every part, but the centre of gravity is a singular point for analysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is where gravity acts on a structure.

A

centre of gravity

This concept is crucial for understanding stability in physical structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

What is the main method of increasing a structure’s stability?

A

Increase the width of its base relative to its height

This can be achieved by placing most of the mass of the structure close to the ground.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

What effect does lowering the centre of gravity have on a structure?

A

It increases stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

True or False: A structure with a low centre of gravity and wide base is typically stable.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

Fill in the blank: The point on a ruler where it will balance is known as the _______.

A

centre of gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

Which is generally more stable, a structure with a narrow base or a wide base?

A

Wide base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

What is one way to increase stability in a structure?

A

Place most of the mass close to the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

What is symmetry in the context of a balanced ruler?

A

A balanced arrangement of mass that occurs on opposite sides of a line or plane, or around a centre or axis.

Symmetry ensures equal force of gravity on both sides of the centre point.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

What happens to the ruler if the finger is moved away from the centre?

A

The mass on one side becomes greater, leading to an unbalanced ruler.

This results in greater gravitational force on the side with more mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

For a symmetrical structure to be stable, what must be true about its mass distribution?

A

The mass must be distributed equally around the centre of the structure’s base.

This ensures equal force of gravity around the centre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

True or False: A symmetrical arrangement guarantees stability.

A

True.

Stability is achieved when mass is evenly distributed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

Fill in the blank: The force of gravity on either side of the centre point is _______.

A

the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

What is the definition of a load in structural engineering?

A

A load is an external force on a structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

What must a bookcase be designed to support?

A

Its own weight and the weight of the books it holds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

What factors contribute to the load on a bridge?

A

The force of gravity on a car, the force of wind, and the weight of the materials that make up the bridge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

What are the two types of loads that can affect structures?

A

Static and dynamic loads.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

What is a static load?

A

The weight of a structure and the non-moving load it supports.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

True or False: A static load changes frequently over time.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

Fill in the blank: The weight of the books in a bookcase is a ______ on the bookcase.

A

load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

What does the term ‘static’ refer to in the context of loads?

A

Not moving or changing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

What is an example of a dynamic load?

A

The push of a force, such as the wind blowing on a tower.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

How does gravity affect the load on structures?

A

It pulls down on the structure and its contents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

What happens if a bookcase is overloaded?

A

It may fail to support the weight of the books.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

What is the force of gravity acting on the mass of the bookcase considered?

A

A load.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

What is the definition of a load in structural engineering?

A

A load is an external force on a structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

What must a bookcase be designed to support?

A

Its own weight and the weight of the books it holds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

What factors contribute to the load on a bridge?

A

The force of gravity on a car, the force of wind, and the weight of the materials that make up the bridge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

What are the two types of loads that can affect structures?

A

Static and dynamic loads.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

What is a static load?

A

The weight of a structure and the non-moving load it supports.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

True or False: A static load changes frequently over time.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

Fill in the blank: The weight of the books in a bookcase is a ______ on the bookcase.

A

load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

What does the term ‘static’ refer to in the context of loads?

A

Not moving or changing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

What is an example of a dynamic load?

A

The push of a force, such as the wind blowing on a tower.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

How does gravity affect the load on structures?

A

It pulls down on the structure and its contents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

What happens if a bookcase is overloaded?

A

It may fail to support the weight of the books.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

What is the force of gravity acting on the mass of the bookcase considered?

A

A load.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

What are the two types of loads that can affect structures?

A

Static and dynamic loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

What is a static load?

A

The weight of a structure and the non-moving load it supports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

What does static mean?

A

Not moving or changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

Give two examples of static loads.

A
  • Wood, nails, and screws used to make a bookcase
  • Steel beams, cables, rivets, and steel plates used to construct a bridge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

What is a dynamic load?

A

Forces that change over time, such as wind or moving vehicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

True or False: The weight of a bridge is considered a dynamic load.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ of wind is an example of a dynamic load.

A

[force]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

What type of load is the weight of a truck classified as?

A

Dynamic load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

What is an external force that acts on all parts of a structure?

A

Gravity

Gravity is the force that creates a static load, also known as dead load.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

What is another term for static load?

A

Dead load

Static load refers to the constant weight acting on a structure.

183
Q

What is a dynamic load?

A

An external force that moves or changes with time

Dynamic loads can change rapidly, such as in the case of strong winds or earthquakes.

184
Q

Give an example of a dynamic load.

A

The weight of moving students on a staircase

This illustrates how dynamic loads can fluctuate based on movement.

185
Q

What is another term for dynamic load?

A

Live load

Live load refers to loads that vary over time, unlike static loads.

186
Q

What must designers plan for in structures?

A

Resistance to both dynamic loads and static loads

Effective structural design requires consideration of both types of loads.

187
Q

What are the two conditions engineers use to decide the type of bridge to build?

A
  1. What the bridge is crossing (e.g., water or land)
  2. What kinds of loads the bridge will be supporting

These conditions help engineers determine the most suitable bridge design for specific situations.

188
Q

What is the most common type of bridge used?

A

Beam bridge

The beam bridge is characterized by its simple structure and flat design.

189
Q

Describe a simple beam bridge.

A

A simple beam bridge is flat and is supported at its two ends.

Longer beam bridges may require additional supports, known as piers.

190
Q

True or False: A longer beam bridge is always supported at its two ends.

A

False

Longer beam bridges may also be supported by additional piers.

191
Q

Fill in the blank: A beam bridge is supported at its _______.

A

two ends

This is a defining characteristic of a simple beam bridge.

192
Q

What are the two conditions engineers use to decide the type of bridge to build?

A
  1. What the bridge is crossing (e.g., water or land)
  2. What kinds of loads the bridge will be supporting

These conditions help engineers determine the most suitable bridge design for specific situations.

193
Q

What is the most common type of bridge used?

A

Beam bridge

The beam bridge is characterized by its simple structure and flat design.

194
Q

Describe a simple beam bridge.

A

A simple beam bridge is flat and is supported at its two ends.

Longer beam bridges may require additional supports, known as piers.

195
Q

True or False: A longer beam bridge is always supported at its two ends.

A

False

Longer beam bridges may also be supported by additional piers.

196
Q

Fill in the blank: A beam bridge is supported at its _______.

A

two ends

This is a defining characteristic of a simple beam bridge.

197
Q

What is a truss bridge?

A

A lightweight but strong bridge made of trusses along its sides.

Trusses are triangle-shaped frames that provide structural support.

198
Q

What shape are the frames in a truss bridge?

A

Triangle-shaped.

Triangles are used because they are strong and stable shapes.

199
Q

What is a simple suspension bridge?

A

A bridge that hangs between two ends and is supported by main cables anchored in concrete

Simple suspension bridges can also use natural supports like trees.

200
Q

What are the main components of a modern suspension bridge?

A

Tall towers, main cables, smaller cables, and concrete anchors

The main cables hold up the bridge, while smaller cables support the roadway.

201
Q

Which ancient civilizations first recognized the structural advantages of the arch?

A

The ancient Egyptians and Greeks

These civilizations understood the benefits of arch structures for stability.

202
Q

Who made the arch a regular building feature in architecture?

A

The Romans

The Romans utilized arches extensively in their architectural designs.

203
Q

Fill in the blank: The main cables of a suspension bridge are anchored in _______.

A

concrete

204
Q

List the supporting elements of a suspension bridge.

A
  • Tall towers
  • Main cables
  • Smaller cables
  • Concrete anchors
205
Q

True or False: A simple suspension bridge can be supported by trees.

A

True

206
Q

What role do smaller cables play in a suspension bridge?

A

They support the roadway

Smaller cables are suspended from the main cables to hold up the bridge deck.

207
Q

What is a simple suspension bridge?

A

A bridge that hangs between two ends and is supported by main cables anchored in concrete

Simple suspension bridges can also use natural supports like trees.

208
Q

What are the main components of a modern suspension bridge?

A

Tall towers, main cables, smaller cables, and concrete anchors

The main cables hold up the bridge, while smaller cables support the roadway.

209
Q

Which ancient civilizations first recognized the structural advantages of the arch?

A

The ancient Egyptians and Greeks

These civilizations understood the benefits of arch structures for stability.

210
Q

Who made the arch a regular building feature in architecture?

A

The Romans

The Romans utilized arches extensively in their architectural designs.

211
Q

Fill in the blank: The main cables of a suspension bridge are anchored in _______.

A

concrete

212
Q

List the supporting elements of a suspension bridge.

A
  • Tall towers
  • Main cables
  • Smaller cables
  • Concrete anchors
213
Q

True or False: A simple suspension bridge can be supported by trees.

A

True

214
Q

What role do smaller cables play in a suspension bridge?

A

They support the roadway

Smaller cables are suspended from the main cables to hold up the bridge deck.

215
Q

What is an arch bridge designed to withstand?

A

Heavy loads

The design allows it to handle dynamic loads from people and traffic.

216
Q

How does the load in an arch bridge affect its structure?

A

Each piece of wood or stone pushes against the adjacent piece

This push is eventually transferred to the end supports.

217
Q

What happens to the load transferred to the end supports of an arch bridge?

A

It is embedded in the ground, which pushes back

This resistance is passed back through all the pieces creating the arch.

218
Q

What is the primary function of an aqueduct?

A

To carry a large quantity of flowing water between places

Aqueducts are a type of bridge specifically designed for water transport.

219
Q

True or False: Many Roman aqueducts are still standing today.

A

True

This highlights the durability and engineering of ancient Roman structures.

220
Q

What is an arch bridge designed to withstand?

A

Heavy loads

The design allows it to handle dynamic loads from people and traffic.

221
Q

How does the load in an arch bridge affect its structure?

A

Each piece of wood or stone pushes against the adjacent piece

This push is eventually transferred to the end supports.

222
Q

What happens to the load transferred to the end supports of an arch bridge?

A

It is embedded in the ground, which pushes back

This resistance is passed back through all the pieces creating the arch.

223
Q

What is the primary function of an aqueduct?

A

To carry a large quantity of flowing water between places

Aqueducts are a type of bridge specifically designed for water transport.

224
Q

True or False: Many Roman aqueducts are still standing today.

A

True

This highlights the durability and engineering of ancient Roman structures.

225
Q

What are performance requirements in engineering?

A

Conditions that a structure must meet after it is built to show it is performing to certain standards

Performance requirements ensure safety, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency.

226
Q

How is load performance typically expressed?

A

As a maximum weight

This indicates how much weight a structure can support safely.

227
Q

What is an example of a performance requirement for a waterslide?

A

The structure must be able to support the weight of 200 people at one time, plus the weight of the water

This ensures that the waterslide can handle expected usage safely.

228
Q

What must a structure withstand according to performance requirements?

A

High winds and heavy snows in winter without becoming unstable

This is crucial for structures in areas prone to extreme weather.

229
Q

What other aspects do performance requirements apply to aside from load performance?

A
  • Safety of the structure
  • Effectiveness in meeting its intended purpose

Performance requirements encompass various functional and safety criteria.

230
Q

What are performance requirements in engineering?

A

Conditions that a structure must meet after it is built to show it is performing to certain standards

Performance requirements ensure safety, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency.

231
Q

How is load performance typically expressed?

A

As a maximum weight

This indicates how much weight a structure can support safely.

232
Q

What is an example of a performance requirement for a waterslide?

A

The structure must be able to support the weight of 200 people at one time, plus the weight of the water

This ensures that the waterslide can handle expected usage safely.

233
Q

What must a structure withstand according to performance requirements?

A

High winds and heavy snows in winter without becoming unstable

This is crucial for structures in areas prone to extreme weather.

234
Q

What other aspects do performance requirements apply to aside from load performance?

A
  • Safety of the structure
  • Effectiveness in meeting its intended purpose

Performance requirements encompass various functional and safety criteria.

235
Q

What happens when you crumple a piece of cellophane into a ball and put it on the table?

A

The cellophane slowly opens up again

This demonstrates the properties of materials and internal forces at work.

236
Q

Why does an elastic band snap when holding a collection of cards together?

A

The internal forces within the elastic band exceed its elastic limit

This illustrates the concept of internal forces and material limits.

237
Q

What is an internal force?

A

A force that one part of a structure exerts on other parts of the same structure

Internal forces act within a structure.

238
Q

Why does wringing a towel work better than squeezing it to remove excess water?

A

Wringing applies a different type of internal force that is more effective

The mechanics of wringing involve twisting actions that enhance water removal.

239
Q

Fill in the blank: Internal forces are forces that act ______ a structure.

A

within

240
Q

True or False: Internal forces can be felt when pressing the palms of your hands together.

A

True

This illustrates the concept of internal forces exerted by muscles.

241
Q

What happens when you crumple a piece of cellophane into a ball and put it on the table?

A

The cellophane slowly opens up again

This demonstrates the properties of materials and internal forces at work.

242
Q

Why does an elastic band snap when holding a collection of cards together?

A

The internal forces within the elastic band exceed its elastic limit

This illustrates the concept of internal forces and material limits.

243
Q

What is an internal force?

A

A force that one part of a structure exerts on other parts of the same structure

Internal forces act within a structure.

244
Q

Why does wringing a towel work better than squeezing it to remove excess water?

A

Wringing applies a different type of internal force that is more effective

The mechanics of wringing involve twisting actions that enhance water removal.

245
Q

Fill in the blank: Internal forces are forces that act ______ a structure.

A

within

246
Q

True or False: Internal forces can be felt when pressing the palms of your hands together.

A

True

This illustrates the concept of internal forces exerted by muscles.

247
Q

What is tension?

A

A force that acts to stretch and pull apart something

Tension can cause lengthening and possibly snapping of a component.

248
Q

Name three structures that have components that must resist tension.

A
  • Ski lifts
  • Hydro towers
  • Running shoes

These structures have parts designed to withstand the forces of tension.

249
Q

How can tension be used advantageously?

A

Through cables used to hold up a suspension bridge

Cables are designed to withstand tension and provide structural support.

250
Q

What is shear?

A

A force that acts to push parts that are in contact with each other in opposite directions

Shear can lead to deformation or failure of materials.

251
Q

Identify three structures that must resist shear.

A
  • Doors
  • Airplanes
  • Scissors

These structures experience shear forces during their operation.

252
Q

What are complementary forces?

A

Different kinds of internal forces acting on a structure at the same time

253
Q

Give an example of complementary forces.

A

Bending of a beam

254
Q

What happens to a beam when it is bent into a U-shape?

A

Compression is produced on the top and tension on the bottom

255
Q

What occurs if the load on a beam is too great?

A

The beam will break

256
Q

What is the result of a beam’s failure to resist either compression or tension?

A

The beam breaks

257
Q

How can engineers determine how to improve a beam’s structure?

A

By examining where a break happens on the beam

258
Q

If a beam breaks first along the upper surface, what design change should be made?

A

Design the upper surface to be strong enough to resist compression

259
Q

If a beam breaks first along the lower surface, what design change would you recommend?

A

Design the lower surface to be strong enough to resist tension

260
Q

Fill in the blank: When a beam is bent, the top experiences _______ and the bottom experiences tension.

A

compression

261
Q

True or False: A beam can withstand any load without breaking.

A

False

262
Q

What is the strongest two-dimensional shape?

A

Triangle

A triangle is noted for its rigidity and strength compared to squares and rectangles.

263
Q

What is the strongest three-dimensional shape?

A

Triangular prism

A triangular prism is stronger than rectangular prisms and other multi-sided shapes.

264
Q

What happens to the shape of a square and rectangle under pressure?

A

They shift slightly

Unlike triangles, squares and rectangles can change shape under stress.

265
Q

Why is a triangle considered a strong shape?

A

It cannot be bent easily

The rigidity of the triangle contributes to its strength.

266
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ is a very strong and rigid shape that cannot be bent easily.

A

triangle

267
Q

What exercise can be used to demonstrate the strength of different shapes?

A

Using straws

The exercise involves comparing how different shapes respond to pressure.

268
Q

True or False: A triangular prism is weaker than a rectangular prism.

A

False

A triangular prism is stronger than a rectangular prism.

269
Q

In structural shapes, which is stronger: a triangular prism or a pentagonal prism?

A

Triangular prism

Triangular prisms are generally stronger than other multi-sided shapes.

270
Q

What is the strongest two-dimensional shape?

A

Triangle

A triangle is noted for its rigidity and strength compared to squares and rectangles.

271
Q

What is the strongest three-dimensional shape?

A

Triangular prism

A triangular prism is stronger than rectangular prisms and other multi-sided shapes.

272
Q

What happens to the shape of a square and rectangle under pressure?

A

They shift slightly

Unlike triangles, squares and rectangles can change shape under stress.

273
Q

Why is a triangle considered a strong shape?

A

It cannot be bent easily

The rigidity of the triangle contributes to its strength.

274
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ is a very strong and rigid shape that cannot be bent easily.

A

triangle

275
Q

What exercise can be used to demonstrate the strength of different shapes?

A

Using straws

The exercise involves comparing how different shapes respond to pressure.

276
Q

True or False: A triangular prism is weaker than a rectangular prism.

A

False

A triangular prism is stronger than a rectangular prism.

277
Q

In structural shapes, which is stronger: a triangular prism or a pentagonal prism?

A

Triangular prism

Triangular prisms are generally stronger than other multi-sided shapes.

278
Q

What is an arch in the context of structures?

A

A common shape in structures such as bridges that can support a large load by carrying the force down through the arch to the foundation.

Arches are designed to spread out the load effectively.

279
Q

How does an arch support a load?

A

The force of the load is carried down through the arch to the foundation, spreading out the load.

This mechanism allows arches to bear significant weight.

280
Q

What happens if a plank is weak when crossing a river?

A

It may bend, and there is a chance of getting wet if one bounces up and down on it.

This illustrates the importance of structural integrity.

281
Q

True or False: An arch can only support small loads.

A

False

Arches are capable of supporting large loads.

282
Q

Fill in the blank: An arch helps to _______ the load.

A

[spread out]

This is crucial for maintaining structural stability.

283
Q

What is a simple beam?

A

A flat structure supported at each end.

284
Q

What happens to a beam if too much weight is put on it in the middle?

A

It will bend in a U-shape and may even break.

285
Q

How can the strength of a beam be increased?

A

By changing its shape.

286
Q

What shape gives an I-beam its strength?

A

The I-shape.

287
Q

What is the mass comparison between I-beams and solid beams?

A

I-beams have less mass than solid beams.

288
Q

What are girders or box beams?

A

Long beams in the shape of hollow rectangular prisms.

289
Q

Fill in the blank: A simple beam is supported at _______.

A

[each end]

290
Q

True or False: Changing the shape of a beam can reduce its strength.

A

False

291
Q

What is a simple beam?

A

A flat structure supported at each end.

292
Q

What happens to a beam if too much weight is put on it in the middle?

A

It will bend in a U-shape and may even break.

293
Q

How can the strength of a beam be increased?

A

By changing its shape.

294
Q

What shape gives an I-beam its strength?

A

The I-shape.

295
Q

What is the mass comparison between I-beams and solid beams?

A

I-beams have less mass than solid beams.

296
Q

What are girders or box beams?

A

Long beams in the shape of hollow rectangular prisms.

297
Q

Fill in the blank: A simple beam is supported at _______.

A

[each end]

298
Q

True or False: Changing the shape of a beam can reduce its strength.

A

False

299
Q

What is structural stress?

A

The weakening of a structure due to a combination of external and internal forces acting on it.

Structural stress can lead to fatigue or failure if not properly managed.

300
Q

What is structural fatigue?

A

A permanent change in a structure caused by internal forces such as compression, tension, and shear.

This may result in cracks appearing in the material.

301
Q

What is structural failure?

A

Occurs when a structure can no longer withstand the forces acting on it, leading to collapse or deformation.

Failure can manifest as buckling, shearing, or separating of components.

302
Q

What are the two main properties a structure needs to avoid failure?

A

Strength and stiffness.

These properties help a structure resist stress and maintain integrity.

303
Q

Define the strength of a structure.

A

The load at which it fails.

For example, if a skateboard collapses under 100 kg, its strength is 100 kg.

304
Q

Define the stiffness of a structure.

A

Its ability to withstand changes in shape under a load.

A stiff structure prevents failure for loads up to its defined strength.

305
Q

Fill in the blank: A structure needs _______ and stiffness to avoid failure.

A

strength

306
Q

True or False: Structural failure can occur without any prior structural stress.

A

False.

Structural failure typically results from accumulated stress and fatigue.

307
Q

What is structural stress?

A

The weakening of a structure due to a combination of external and internal forces acting on it.

Structural stress can lead to fatigue or failure if not properly managed.

308
Q

What is structural fatigue?

A

A permanent change in a structure caused by internal forces such as compression, tension, and shear.

This may result in cracks appearing in the material.

309
Q

What is structural failure?

A

Occurs when a structure can no longer withstand the forces acting on it, leading to collapse or deformation.

Failure can manifest as buckling, shearing, or separating of components.

310
Q

What are the two main properties a structure needs to avoid failure?

A

Strength and stiffness.

These properties help a structure resist stress and maintain integrity.

311
Q

Define the strength of a structure.

A

The load at which it fails.

For example, if a skateboard collapses under 100 kg, its strength is 100 kg.

312
Q

Define the stiffness of a structure.

A

Its ability to withstand changes in shape under a load.

A stiff structure prevents failure for loads up to its defined strength.

313
Q

Fill in the blank: A structure needs _______ and stiffness to avoid failure.

A

strength

314
Q

True or False: Structural failure can occur without any prior structural stress.

A

False.

Structural failure typically results from accumulated stress and fatigue.

315
Q

What property of a material refers to how easily it breaks?

A

Brittleness

Brittleness is a measure of a material’s tendency to fracture or break when subjected to stress.

316
Q

What is the term for how easily a material can be made into wire?

A

Ductility

Ductility is an important property in materials used in electrical and structural applications.

317
Q

What property measures a material’s resistance to indentation and scratching?

A

Hardness

Hardness is a critical factor in determining the wear resistance of materials.

318
Q

How easy is it to shape a material referred to as?

A

Plasticity

Plasticity indicates a material’s ability to undergo significant deformation before rupture.

319
Q

What property refers to a material’s ability to withstand high temperatures?

A

Resistance to heat

This property is crucial for materials used in high-temperature environments.

320
Q

What property indicates how well a material can repel water?

A

Resistance to water

Water resistance is important for materials used in construction and outdoor applications.

321
Q

What is the term for a material’s ability to withstand axial loads without collapsing?

A

Compression

Compression strength is vital for materials used in load-bearing applications.

322
Q

What property measures a material’s ability to withstand being pulled apart?

A

Tensile strength

Tensile strength is essential for materials used in structural and mechanical engineering.

323
Q

What is deformation in the context of structures?

A

Deformation is a change of shape in a structure or any structural component due to the material’s inability to resist the load acting on it.

Deformation can lead to failure of a component or the entire structure if excessive.

324
Q

What property must materials have when designing a structure?

A

Materials must have enough strength to resist the forces acting on the structure and should not deform easily.

Strength is a critical factor in ensuring structural integrity.

325
Q

True or False: Deformation can occur without any load acting on a structure.

A

False

Deformation occurs specifically because of the load acting on the material.

326
Q

Fill in the blank: When too much deformation occurs, a component or the entire _______ might fail.

A

structure

This emphasizes the importance of controlling deformation in structural design.

327
Q

What happens to the sides of an aluminum cantilever when a very small force is applied?

A

The sides start to return to their original shape once the force is removed.

This illustrates the elastic properties of materials.

328
Q

What is deformation in the context of structures?

A

Deformation is a change of shape in a structure or any structural component due to the material’s inability to resist the load acting on it.

Deformation can lead to failure of a component or the entire structure if excessive.

329
Q

What property must materials have when designing a structure?

A

Materials must have enough strength to resist the forces acting on the structure and should not deform easily.

Strength is a critical factor in ensuring structural integrity.

330
Q

True or False: Deformation can occur without any load acting on a structure.

A

False

Deformation occurs specifically because of the load acting on the material.

331
Q

Fill in the blank: When too much deformation occurs, a component or the entire _______ might fail.

A

structure

This emphasizes the importance of controlling deformation in structural design.

332
Q

What happens to the sides of an aluminum cantilever when a very small force is applied?

A

The sides start to return to their original shape once the force is removed.

This illustrates the elastic properties of materials.

333
Q

What is flexibility in materials?

A

Flexibility is the ability of a material to be bent under force without breaking

It indicates how much an object can change shape under a given load without breaking.

334
Q

Why is flexibility important in tall buildings?

A

Tall buildings must resist the force of the wind, and being very strong and rigid is not necessarily the best design approach

Flexibility allows structures to withstand strong forces without sustaining damage.

335
Q

How does a tall tree demonstrate flexibility?

A

A tall tree bends a little as the wind pushes against it and straightens up again when the wind stops

This ability to return to its original shape illustrates the concept of flexibility.

336
Q

What have structural engineers learned from nature regarding flexibility?

A

Structural engineers have found ways to use materials and combine structural components to make buildings in high hazard wind or earthquake zones more flexible

This approach mimics the flexibility observed in trees.

337
Q

Fill in the blank: Flexibility allows trees to resist being deformed under strong forces like _______.

A

wind

338
Q

What is flexibility in materials?

A

Flexibility is the ability of a material to be bent under force without breaking

It indicates how much an object can change shape under a given load without breaking.

339
Q

Why is flexibility important in tall buildings?

A

Tall buildings must resist the force of the wind, and being very strong and rigid is not necessarily the best design approach

Flexibility allows structures to withstand strong forces without sustaining damage.

340
Q

How does a tall tree demonstrate flexibility?

A

A tall tree bends a little as the wind pushes against it and straightens up again when the wind stops

This ability to return to its original shape illustrates the concept of flexibility.

341
Q

What have structural engineers learned from nature regarding flexibility?

A

Structural engineers have found ways to use materials and combine structural components to make buildings in high hazard wind or earthquake zones more flexible

This approach mimics the flexibility observed in trees.

342
Q

Fill in the blank: Flexibility allows trees to resist being deformed under strong forces like _______.

A

wind

343
Q

What are some common fasteners used to hold components together?

A

Nails, screws, rivets, tacks, staples

These fasteners utilize friction between the metal and surrounding material.

344
Q

What is the primary mechanism by which nails, screws, rivets, tacks, and staples hold materials together?

A

Friction between the metal and the surrounding material

This mechanism is essential in modern construction.

345
Q

What is one advantage of using screws, tacks, and staples in construction?

A

They can be easily removed to dismantle a structure

This feature is beneficial for temporary or adjustable constructions.

346
Q

True or False: Riveted structures are common in modern construction for maximum strength.

A

True

Steel framing often utilizes rivets for enhanced durability.

347
Q

Fill in the blank: Modern structures are usually made of steel framing ______ together for maximum strength.

A

riveted

This technique contributes to the structural integrity of buildings.

348
Q

What materials are wood components often fastened with?

A

Nails and screws

These fasteners are preferred for joining wooden elements.

349
Q

What are some common fasteners used to hold components together?

A

Nails, screws, rivets, tacks, staples

These fasteners utilize friction between the metal and surrounding material.

350
Q

What is the primary mechanism by which nails, screws, rivets, tacks, and staples hold materials together?

A

Friction between the metal and the surrounding material

This mechanism is essential in modern construction.

351
Q

What is one advantage of using screws, tacks, and staples in construction?

A

They can be easily removed to dismantle a structure

This feature is beneficial for temporary or adjustable constructions.

352
Q

True or False: Riveted structures are common in modern construction for maximum strength.

A

True

Steel framing often utilizes rivets for enhanced durability.

353
Q

Fill in the blank: Modern structures are usually made of steel framing ______ together for maximum strength.

A

riveted

This technique contributes to the structural integrity of buildings.

354
Q

What materials are wood components often fastened with?

A

Nails and screws

These fasteners are preferred for joining wooden elements.

355
Q

What is the purpose of notches cut into logs in construction?

A

To ensure that the parts in the structure will remain tightly interlocked

This technique is commonly used in furniture making for strong joints.

356
Q

What is friction in the context of surfaces?

A

The force as two surfaces rub against one another.

357
Q

How can the amount of friction be increased?

A

By increasing the area in contact.

358
Q

What construction method allows wood to be joined together without screws or nails?

A

Interlocking pieces.

359
Q

What is the purpose of notches cut into logs in construction?

A

To ensure that the parts in the structure will remain tightly interlocked

This technique is commonly used in furniture making for strong joints.

360
Q

What is friction in the context of surfaces?

A

The force as two surfaces rub against one another.

361
Q

How can the amount of friction be increased?

A

By increasing the area in contact.

362
Q

What construction method allows wood to be joined together without screws or nails?

A

Interlocking pieces.

363
Q

What is a method of joining that actually changes the two surfaces being connected?

A

Bonding

Bonding involves using a common material as a bonding substance between the surfaces.

364
Q

Name three materials that can be used for bonding surfaces.

A
  • Adhesive glue
  • Tape
  • Cement
  • Welds

These materials create a bond between two surfaces when applied.

365
Q

What type of tape is mentioned as a bonding material?

A

Tape with glue on one side

This type of tape adheres to surfaces to create a bond.

366
Q

How do some types of glue create a bond?

A

By dissolving the surfaces

This process creates a chemical change that allows the surfaces to mix and harden together.

367
Q

True or False: Welds only join materials without altering their surfaces.

A

False

Welds create a bond by melting the surfaces of the materials, thus changing them.

368
Q

Fill in the blank: Adhesive glue, tape, cement, and _______ are examples of bonding materials.

A

welds

369
Q

What happens to the surfaces when glue is applied?

A

They mix and harden into one solid mass

This occurs due to the chemical changes induced by the glue.

370
Q

What are fixed joints?

A

Joints that are rigid to prevent any movement, created by methods like welding, cementing, gluing, or nailing

Fixed joints are used in structures where stability is critical.

371
Q

What methods can create fixed joints?

A
  • Welding
  • Cementing
  • Gluing
  • Nailing

These methods are chosen based on material, usage, and location.

372
Q

What are movable joints?

A

Joints that are flexible or mobile, allowing parts of the structure to move as required

Examples include hinges, pin joints, and human joints like knees and elbows.

373
Q

Give examples of movable joints.

A
  • Hinges
  • Pin joints
  • Flexible rubber tubing
  • Knees
  • Elbows
  • Shoulders

Movable joints must withstand load and repeated movements.

374
Q

Why might gluing not be appropriate for holding a fence together?

A

Gluing may not provide the required strength and durability for outdoor conditions

Certain applications require stronger, more permanent methods.

375
Q

True or False: Movable joints do not need to withstand load.

A

False

Movable joints must still be able to withstand load and stress.

376
Q

What influences the choice of joining methods in structures?

A
  • Material of components
  • How the structure is to be used
  • Where it is to be located

These factors help determine the most effective joining method.

377
Q

Fill in the blank: The ultimate strength and stability of a structure depend on the right _______ and method of joining being used.

A

[materials]

Selecting appropriate materials is crucial for structural integrity.

378
Q

What is the importance of joint selection in structural design?

A

The selection of joints affects the movement, strength, and stability of the structure

Proper joint selection is essential for the intended function of the structure.

379
Q

What are fixed joints?

A

Joints that are rigid to prevent any movement, created by methods like welding, cementing, gluing, or nailing

Fixed joints are used in structures where stability is critical.

380
Q

What methods can create fixed joints?

A
  • Welding
  • Cementing
  • Gluing
  • Nailing

These methods are chosen based on material, usage, and location.

381
Q

What are movable joints?

A

Joints that are flexible or mobile, allowing parts of the structure to move as required

Examples include hinges, pin joints, and human joints like knees and elbows.

382
Q

Give examples of movable joints.

A
  • Hinges
  • Pin joints
  • Flexible rubber tubing
  • Knees
  • Elbows
  • Shoulders

Movable joints must withstand load and repeated movements.

383
Q

Why might gluing not be appropriate for holding a fence together?

A

Gluing may not provide the required strength and durability for outdoor conditions

Certain applications require stronger, more permanent methods.

384
Q

True or False: Movable joints do not need to withstand load.

A

False

Movable joints must still be able to withstand load and stress.

385
Q

What influences the choice of joining methods in structures?

A
  • Material of components
  • How the structure is to be used
  • Where it is to be located

These factors help determine the most effective joining method.

386
Q

Fill in the blank: The ultimate strength and stability of a structure depend on the right _______ and method of joining being used.

A

[materials]

Selecting appropriate materials is crucial for structural integrity.

387
Q

What is the importance of joint selection in structural design?

A

The selection of joints affects the movement, strength, and stability of the structure

Proper joint selection is essential for the intended function of the structure.

388
Q

What is the primary function of bones in the human body?

A

To form a structural frame that supports and protects other parts of the body.

Bones are hard and rigid materials with special properties suited for their function.

389
Q

What connects the thigh bone to the shin bone?

A

Ligaments.

Ligaments are strong, flexible connective tissues.

390
Q

What is the role of cartilage at the ends of some bones?

A

To reduce friction and provide a smooth surface for movement.

Cartilage helps absorb shock when bones bump together.

391
Q

True or False: Cartilage is a hard material found in the human body.

A

False.

Cartilage is flexible and reduces friction between bones.

392
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ are bands of strong, flexible connective tissue that connect bones.

A

Ligaments.

393
Q

What happens to cartilage when you fall off your bicycle?

A

It helps to absorb the shock of bones being bumped together.

This function helps protect the bones from injury.

394
Q

What type of material are bones classified as in the human body?

A

Hard and rigid materials.

This structure is essential for support and protection.

395
Q

How many muscles are in the human body?

A

656

396
Q

What type of tissue are muscles made of?

A

Semi-solid fibrous tissue

397
Q

What is the primary function of muscles?

A

Contracting (shortening) and relaxing

398
Q

How are muscles attached to bones?

A

By tendons

399
Q

What qualities do tendons share with ligaments?

A

Strong and flexible

400
Q

What happens when a skeletal muscle contracts?

A

A bone moves

401
Q

What is the function of heart muscle?

A

Contracts and pumps blood

402
Q

What do digestive tract muscles do?

A

Contract and move food along

403
Q

What type of joints allow movement in many directions?

A

Ball-and-socket joints

404
Q

Which joints are found in the elbows and knees?

A

Hinge joints

405
Q

What type of joints are in the spinal column?

A

Pivot joints

406
Q

What type of joints are found in the wrists?

A

Gliding joints

407
Q

What type of joints do not allow movement at all?

A

Immovable joints

408
Q

Where are immovable joints found in the body?

A

Between the bones of the skull

409
Q

Fill in the blank: Tendons hold muscles to _______.

A

bones

410
Q

True or False: The heart muscle is a type of skeletal muscle.

A

False

411
Q

What is the function of the skull in relation to immovable joints?

A

Protects the brain

412
Q

What are the primary components that form a shell and frame structure in the human body?

A

Skin, bones, joints, and connective tissue

413
Q

What are the key properties of skin?

A

Tough, flexible, waterproof

414
Q

What is one of the main functions of skin?

A

Provides structural shelter

415
Q

How does skin protect the body?

A

From harmful bacteria

416
Q

What role does skin play in temperature regulation?

A

Through perspiration and shivering

417
Q

What materials make up the structure of a tree trunk?

A

Several layers of different materials

418
Q

What is the function of bark in a tree?

A

Protects the inner layers of the tree

419
Q

Fill in the blank: Skin helps to _______ your body’s temperature.

A

regulate

420
Q

True or False: Skin is only made of one type of material.

A

False

421
Q

What does the structure of a tree trunk maintain?

A

Strength and stability

422
Q

What does the term ‘margin of safety’ refer to in design?

A

The limits within which a structure’s safety performance is felt to be acceptable

It acknowledges that perfect safety is impossible.

423
Q

How is the concept of margin of safety illustrated with vehicles?

A

Vehicles are designed to operate safely within speed limits but must also be safe at slightly higher speeds

Example: A margin of safety might be 30 km/h or 40 km/h above the common speed limit.

424
Q

What factors are considered when determining tire pressures in relation to margin of safety?

A

Size of tire, vehicle load, and increased temperature due to use, weather, or speed

These factors help ensure tires function safely under various conditions.

425
Q

What happens if tires are over-inflated for heavier loads?

A

The margin of safety has been decreased, increasing the risk of a blow-out

Over-inflation can lead to reduced performance and safety.

426
Q

How are building components designed with margin of safety in mind?

A

They must withstand three or four times their maximum intended load

This principle is crucial for ensuring structural integrity.

427
Q

True or False: Designers aim for perfect safety in all structures.

A

False

It is acknowledged that perfect safety is impossible.

428
Q

Fill in the blank: The margin of safety in vehicle design allows for operation at speeds _______.

A

slightly higher than the speed limit

This ensures vehicles remain safe even when driven above standard limits.

429
Q

What does the term ‘margin of safety’ refer to in design?

A

The limits within which a structure’s safety performance is felt to be acceptable

It acknowledges that perfect safety is impossible.

430
Q

How is the concept of margin of safety illustrated with vehicles?

A

Vehicles are designed to operate safely within speed limits but must also be safe at slightly higher speeds

Example: A margin of safety might be 30 km/h or 40 km/h above the common speed limit.

431
Q

What factors are considered when determining tire pressures in relation to margin of safety?

A

Size of tire, vehicle load, and increased temperature due to use, weather, or speed

These factors help ensure tires function safely under various conditions.

432
Q

What happens if tires are over-inflated for heavier loads?

A

The margin of safety has been decreased, increasing the risk of a blow-out

Over-inflation can lead to reduced performance and safety.

433
Q

How are building components designed with margin of safety in mind?

A

They must withstand three or four times their maximum intended load

This principle is crucial for ensuring structural integrity.

434
Q

True or False: Designers aim for perfect safety in all structures.

A

False

It is acknowledged that perfect safety is impossible.

435
Q

Fill in the blank: The margin of safety in vehicle design allows for operation at speeds _______.

A

slightly higher than the speed limit

This ensures vehicles remain safe even when driven above standard limits.

436
Q

What is the purpose of a divider when packing two layers of small glasses in a box?

A

To resist bending under the load of the top layer of glasses and to keep the glasses upright.

The divider must be both strong and smooth.

437
Q

What shapes are considered strong for creating a support structure?

A

Triangles and arches.

These shapes provide stability and strength.

438
Q

What is the problem with using a folded piece of paper as a divider?

A

The folded surface would cause the top glasses to fall over.

Stability of the glasses is compromised.

439
Q

What is the solution to the packing problem described?

A

Combine a folded piece of paper with two smooth ones to create a sturdy divider.

This creates a strong interior and a smooth exterior.

440
Q

Define corrugation.

A

The process of forming a material into wave-like ridges or folds.

Common examples include corrugated cardboard and corrugated metal.

441
Q

What is lamination in the context of materials?

A

Laminating layers of a material together to create a strong bond.

This process enhances the strength of the material.

442
Q

Fill in the blank: The result of combining a folded piece of paper with two smooth ones is a _______.

A

sturdy divider.

443
Q

True or False: Corrugated cardboard is an example of a material that has undergone corrugation.

A

True.

444
Q

What is the main benefit of using a corrugated structure in packing?

A

Increased strength and support for the items being packed.

This helps prevent damage during transport.

445
Q

What is compression?

A

The process of reducing the size of an object by applying pressure

Compression often results in the creation of ridges or folds.

446
Q

What are common examples of compression?

A
  • Corrugated cardboard
  • Corrugated metal

These materials are designed to withstand compressive forces.

447
Q

What is lamination?

A

Gluing layers of a material together to create a strong bond

Laminated materials are stronger than a single piece of the same material of the same thickness.

448
Q

How does lamination improve strength?

A

By overlapping, interlocking, and gluing members into single beams

This method is often used in laminated beams made of short pieces of wood.

449
Q

What is plywood an example of?

A

A laminated material

Plywood typically consists of five or seven layers.

450
Q

What is a common use of laminated materials in kitchen countertops?

A

A waterproof layer laminated onto wood

This enhances durability and resistance to moisture.

451
Q

What is automobile safety glass made of?

A

Two pieces of glass with a layer of plastic in the middle

This design holds broken pieces of glass together upon impact.

452
Q

What is the purpose of strengthening component arrangements?

A

To build stronger components when stronger materials are unavailable or unaffordable

This can involve using different arrangements such as arches for added strength.

453
Q

True or False: Laminated materials can be made from a single piece of material.

A

False

Laminated materials are created by bonding multiple layers together.

1. Alba Science 7 in English 0% since French is coming (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions