D’s, ICD, DSM Flashcards
What are the 4 d’s of diagnosis?
Deviance, dysfunction, distress and danger
What is the 5th D in diagnosis?
Duration
What is deviance?
Refers to whether behaviour deviates from the social norm. Rare and uncommon behaviour in society.
What is dysfunction?
Refers to whether a behaviour interfere with the persons everyday life. Disturbance and problematic.
What is distress?
Refers to the extent of the behaviour causing distress to the individual.
What is danger?
Refers to if the behaviour presents a danger to themselves or others in society.
What is duration?
The additional D. Has to occur for a long time.
What are strengths of deviance?
Using a normal distribution curve to operationalise deviance is objective to aid diagnosis without subjective influence.
What are weaknesses of deviance?
Just because behaviours are rare and uncommon, it doesn’t mean it’s abnormal and therefore considered a mental health disorder.
Subjective to cultural bias - social norms differ all over.
27% of older adults experience depression, highlighting a weakness in the use of deviance as some MHD symptoms are common in society.
What are strengths of dysfunction?
Considers the impact of MHD on the individuals daily functioning.
Values the importance on maintaining healthy everyday functioning, meaning relevance.
What are the weaknesses of dysfunction?
Ideas of what dysfunction is differs on the individual making the judgment. Potentially biased.
What are strengths of distress?
It considers the emotional impact of mental health, which can be easy to overlook if the Individual isn’t explicit about their abnormal behaviour.
What are weaknesses of distress?
It’s hard to operationalise as it’s an emotional measure (internal). Prone to subjectivity when analysed.
What are strengths of danger?
It considers the safety of the patient and society in general.
What are the weaknesses of danger?
It can sustain stigmatisation of individuals with MHD as being dangerous in society, therefore can be unethical.
Overall strengths of the D’s of diagnosis:
They are useful as effective application can determine whether a clinical diagnosis should be considered. It can save clinician time and resources.
All D’s must be used consistently, with standardised measures in order to lead to a reliable decision on whether a behaviour is normal.
Overall weaknesses of the D’s of diagnosis:
Davis 5th D (duration) said that for the disorder to be a MHD, the abnormal behaviour must occur for a long period of time. It highlights the other 4 D’s to be reductionist. Without considering duration, there may be false positive diagnostic errors.
Prone to subjectivity of the professional, particularly deviance and dysfunction.
What are the 2 classification systems?
ICD AND DSM
What does ICD stand for?
International classification of diseases