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D&D and B&L Unit 1 > D&D Unit 1 > Flashcards

D&D Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bioavailability

A

F; %; amount of drug absorbed; extent of absorption

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2
Q

Vd

A

L/kg; an abstract volume; inverse to drug in plasma (High Vd means drug is elsewhere)

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3
Q

CL

A

ml/min/kg; clearance; Rin=Rout;

CL=[DOSE/tau]/Cpss

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4
Q

Ke

A

1/hrs; change in Cp with time; from slope of lnCp vs time

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5
Q

t1/2

A

hrs; =.693/Ke

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6
Q

first order elimination

A

fraction eliminated; half life; 4-5 half lives to reach steady state

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7
Q

zero order elimination

A

elimination of a constant amount per time

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8
Q

pharmacology

A

interactions of drugs with biological systems

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9
Q

pharmacotherapy

A

right drug, right does, interact with right drug target to produce desired therapeutic effects;
prevention, diagnosis, treatment or cure of disease

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10
Q

pharmacokinetic

A

what the body does to the drug;

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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11
Q

pharmacodynamic

A

receptor binding, signal transduction, physiological effect

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12
Q

Cp

A

plasma concentration

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13
Q

Cp vs time graph determines ***

A

pharmacokinetics

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14
Q

MEC

A

minimum effective concentration

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15
Q

time to steady state

A

4-5 half lives

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16
Q

Rate of absorption ***

A

estimated as peak Cp or time to attain peak Cp; Tmax or Cmax

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17
Q

physiology

A

identify potential targets

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18
Q

pathophysiology

A

how the target should be manipulated

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19
Q

pharmacology

A

select appropriate drug for disease

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20
Q

absorption

A

passage of drug from site of durg administration into blood

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21
Q

distribution

A

movement of the drug from bloodstream to tissues

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22
Q

side effects

A

drug target at non-target system (therapeutic doses)

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23
Q

extension effects

A

drug target at target system (higher than therapeutic doses)

24
Q

idiosyncratic reactions

A

immunologic and metabolic; less predictable and less common

25
Q

factors influencing absorption

A

molecular size, lipid solubility, degree of ionization, concentration gradient

26
Q

aqueous diffusion

A

water soluble; mw

27
Q

lipid diffusion

A

unionized moiety crosses membrane down concentration gradient; mw 500-800

28
Q

carrier-mediated diffusion

A

drugs mimic physiologic molecules

29
Q

increase rate of absorption

A

liquid preparation or rapidly disintegrating tablets

30
Q

decrease rate of absorption

A

enteric coated products or sustained release preparations

31
Q

rate of absorption from different routes

A

intravenous = inhalation > intramuscular > subcutaneous > oral

32
Q

bioequivalent

A 
if rate (Cmax) and extent (bioavailability) that the active ingredient drug is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action is similar;
90% confidence interval of mean AUC and mean Cmax of T-test within 80%-125% of brand product
33
Q

enteral administration

A

in GI tract (oral and rectal)

34
Q

parenteral administration

A

outside GI tract

35
Q

oral

A

slow onset; varied bioavailability (0-100%)

36
Q

increased GI motility

A

increase rapidity of absorption

37
Q

rectal

A

slow onset; greater bioavailability than oral; 50% bypass liver; absprotion is irregular and incomplete

38
Q

sublingual - buccal

A

onset within minutes; high bioavailability; directly into vena cava;

39
Q

intravenous

A

rapid onset; bioavailability 100% by defn; most direct but most hazardous

40
Q

intramuscular

A

rapid; bioavailability approaches 100% (aqueous); deposit forms slower

41
Q

subcutaneous

A

slower; bioavailability approaches 100%; volume of dose limited

42
Q

inhalation

A

rapid onset; bioavailability 100%; large SA and high blood flow

43
Q

transermal

A

systemic conditions; first pass avoided; drugs must be potent (

44
Q

inhalation local

A

aerosolized particles

10 um deposited in oropharynx (side effects)

45
Q

topical

A

local conditions; minimal systemic absorption (greater in children); skin or mucous membranes (vaginal-conjunctival-nasal-throat)

46
Q

Metabolism of active drug to more active compound

A

codeine to morphine; hydrocodone to hydromorphone

47
Q

Metabolism of inactive prodrug to active drug

A

omeprazole to a sulfenamide; enalapril to enalaprilat; valacyclovir to acyclovir

48
Q

Metabolism to toxic metabolite

A

acetaminophen to n-acetly-benzoquinoneimine (hepatotoxic)

49
Q

Oxidation reactions

A

Phase 1; hydrolysis, oxidation and reduction

50
Q

Phase 1 enzymes

A

CYP450, esterases-amidases, reductases

51
Q

Conjugation reactions

A

Phase 2

52
Q

Phase 2 enzymes

A

transferases; Glucuronidation, acetylation, glutathione / glycine / sulfate conjugation

53
Q

Induce-inhibit effects phase

A

Phase 1

54
Q

Which phase can be effected by age

A

Phase 1; decrease in 1/3

55
Q

Which phase can get saturated

A

Phase 2

D&D and B&L Unit 1 (2 decks)

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