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1
Q

life is estimated to have begun when

A

over 3.5 billion years ago based on evidence from microfossils

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2
Q

microfossils

A

fossilized forms of microscopic life

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3
Q

prokaryotes

A

the most abundant forms of organisms

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4
Q

archaea

A

one of two prokaryotic domains

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5
Q

all bacteria consumes what

A

ATP from the environment

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6
Q

aerobic bacteria uses

A

oxygen

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7
Q

characteristics of prokaryotes

A
  • unicellular
  • small cell size compared to euk
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • internal compartmentalization- flagella
  • circular chromosome of DNA
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8
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

asexually through binary fission

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9
Q

metabolic diversity

A

photosynthetic can be oxygenic or anoxygenic

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10
Q

anoxygenic

A

producing sulfur and sulfate

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11
Q

chemolithotrophic

A

produce carbohydrates using energy stored in chemical bonds

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12
Q

archea’s differences from bacteria

A
  • no peptidoglycan
  • different lipid structure in membrane
  • different structure of flagella
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13
Q

peptidoglycan

A

protein-carb found in bacterial cell walls that make their cell’s walls rigid

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14
Q

archaeal groups

A

include methogens

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15
Q

methanogens

A

anaerobes that produce methane

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16
Q

halophiles

A

live in high salt levels

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17
Q

acidophiles

A

live in high acid environments

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18
Q

thermophiles

A

live and grow in higher temp environments

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19
Q

replication in archaea

A

single origin like bacteria but initiation and expression are more like eukaryotes

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20
Q

shapes of domain bacteria

A

rod-shaped

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21
Q

strepto

A

chains

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22
Q

staphylo

A

clusters

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23
Q

three bacterial cell shapes

A

bacillus

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24
Q

gram stain

A

classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative

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25
gram positive
thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall
26
gram negative
thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall; appears reddish-pink under microscope after gram staining
27
early methods of characterizing bacteria
- mobility - if it's photosynthetic - unicellular or colonies - spore formation - pathogenic
28
molecular approaches to classification
- base sequences in DNA and RNA - amino acid sequencing - whole-genome sequencing
29
characterizing domain bacteria
relies on molecular approaches and rRNA sequences
30
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
a widely accepted method of classifying prokaryotes
31
most recent system of bacteria classification
thermophiles
32
gram-positive (characterizing bacteria)
bacilli and cocci species
33
bacilli and cocci species
cause many diseases/infections in humans (anthrax
34
actinobacteria
aerobic
35
photosynthetic (characterizing bacteria)
cyanobacteria
36
cyanobacteria
base of many aquatic food chains
37
proteobacteria
largest and most diverse group
38
what does proteobacteria include
beta
39
major structures of prokaryotes
cell wall
40
bacterial cell walls contain
peptidoglycan
41
archaeal cell walls lack
peptidoglycan
42
cytoplasm
a semifluid solution w/ ribosomes
43
prokaryotic dna is
single closed loop
44
plasmids
small
45
capsule
an outer covering of the prokaryote
46
what do capsules do
protects the cell against drying
47
pili
short
48
what do pili do
they help bacteria connect to each other and to surfaces
49
endospore
a thick-coated resistant structure formed by gram positive bacteria
50
when do endospores form
when environmental conditions become harsh
51
how prokaryotes move
- many prokaryotes have flagella - taxis - other modes (slime, twisting)
52
taxis
movement towards or away from stimuli
53
capsule (structure func.)
protects cells and aids in attachment
54
cell wall
protects cell and gives it shape
55
cell membrane
regulates movement of substances in/out
56
nucleoid region
contains genetic info
57
flagellum
used for motility
58
prokaryotes obtain nutrients from
either the nonliving environment or by utilizing the products or bodies of living organisms
59
heterotrophs contain
carbon from other organisms
60
autotrops contain
carbon from CO2
61
phototrops get energy from
light
62
chemotrops get energy from
chemicals in the environment
63
prokaryotes usually reproduce by
binary fission
64
genetic recombination in prokaryotes
transformation
65
transformation
taking in DNA from the outside environment
66
conjugation
exchanging DNA with other bacteria via pili
67
transduction
transmission of bacterial DNA via viruses
68
decomposers
break down dead organisms and wastes
69
producers
photosynthetic varieties help form the base of many food chains
70
nitrogen fixers
bacteria that coverts nitrogen in the air into a usable form
71
how much nitrogen in the air is converted to usable nitrogen
0.9
72
pathology
study of disease
73
pathogen
an organism that causes disease (bacteria)
74
vector
an intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or parasite
75
diseases include what species
humans
76
antibiotics
- keep bacteria from growing and reproducing- interfere with bacteria's cell functions- do not harm host cell
77
antibiotic resistance
bacteria that antibiotics can't kill
78
overuse of antibiotics has created
R-plasmids that carry resistance genes (they have multiple resistances)
79
vaccine
weakened or killed pathogen
80
what do vaccines provide
active immunity
81
how do vaccines provide immunity
by stimulating the bodies immune system to recognize and destroy it

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