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Cytology > Cytoskleton > Flashcards

Cytoskleton Flashcards

1
Q

3 - make up the cytoskeleton

A

Actin micro filaments
Intermediate filament
Microtubles

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2
Q

Microtubles (overview)

A

subunit: alpha, beta tubles
growth: + end
Enzyme activity: GTP
Motor protein: Kinesine/Dyneins
Associate proteins: MAPS
Structure: hallow tube
Function: chromosome movement, cytoplasmic streaming (cilia+flagella)

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3
Q

Intermediate filaments overview

A 
sub-units; globular proteins 
growth: internal
polarity: none
Enzyme activity: none
Motor proteins: none
Associate proteins: plakins
Structure: Rope like fibers. 
Function: structural support.
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4
Q

Actin filaments overview

A 
subunits: actin monomers
growth + ends
polarity: yes 
Enzyme activity: ATP 
Motor protein: myosin
Associated proteins: Actin proteins 
Structure: Thin solid flexible fibers 
Functions: Contractility  motility
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5
Q

Structure of microtubles

A
  • alpha and beta tubulin
  • ATP GTP and Beta GTP = heterodimers
  • 13 alpha micro filaments
  • (-) end is stable , grows from the + end
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6
Q

Colchicine ?

A

binds to beta subunits and prevents the addition of elongation of microtubles

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7
Q

Function of microtubules

A
  • chromosome movement: spindle fibers form during mitosis are made up of bundles of microtubules,
  • cytoplasmic streaming
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8
Q

The cell cycle

A
  1. G0
  2. G1 phase
  3. S-phase
  4. G2 phase
  5. M phase
  6. back into G0 or G1 phase
  7. Cytokinesis
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9
Q

The G0 phase

A

cell resting not going through mitosis, functional stage of the cell.

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10
Q

G1 phase -

A

Growth phase, synthesize and prep enzymes and proteins to duplicate it’s chromosome.

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11
Q

G2 phase

A

cell preps and synthesize the enzymes and proteins to undergo mitosis.

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12
Q

M phase

A

mitosis cell separates the duplicated chromosomes and enclose them into two different nuclei.

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13
Q

What happens after the M phase?

A

the cell can go back to G0 phase or G1 phase.

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14
Q

Cytokineses

A

separation of the cytoplasm

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15
Q

Steps of Mitosis

A

PMAT

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16
Q

Prophase

A

a. Duplicated chromosomes condense
b. Nuclear membrane dissociates
c. Centriole duplicates

17
Q

Structure of centrioles

A

a. Radial spoke proteins
b. B+C = have 10 microfilaments
c. B filaments are attached to the adjacent C microtubules by a nectin-like protein

18
Q

Metaphase:

A

spindle fibers form (bundles of microtubules) from centrioles and grow out to center of cell where they join to duplicated chromosomes

a. Pericentiolar area - formation site of the spindle fibers via
i. 13 gamma tublin

19
Q

Centrosome

A

found near the nucleus.

  • Made up of 2 centrioles.
  • Formation site for mitotic spindle and microtubles.
20
Q

How do fibers attach to the chromosome?

A

a. Via the centromere – composed of satellite DNA, highly repetitive DNA , no protein coding regions
b. Duplicated chromosome joined at centromere

21
Q

Centrome structure:

A

Chromosome Inner Protein plate - Interzone proteins  Interplate proteins  spindle fibers.

22
Q

what does Kinesin do during mitosis?

A

motor proteins that carry alpha and beta sub-units to a spindle fiber to lengthen it.

23
Q

Anaphase:

A

duplicated chromosomes separate , spindle fibers sorten and single chromosomes pull apart . Dynein motor proteins carries alpha and beta subunits to centrioles

24
Q

Telophase:

A

a. Single chromosomes reach the centrioles
b. Spindle fibers have been broken down
c. Nuclear membrane reforms
d. One centriole at each nucleus is broken down.

25
Q

Cytokinesis:

A

separating of cytoplasm after mitosis.

26
Q

Cytokinesis (animal cells)

A

a. Animal cells – actin microfilaments in cytoplasm between 2 cells
i. Actin and its motor protein

27
Q

Cytokinesis (plant cells)

A

cytokinesis is called cell plate formation

i. Golgli complexes in plant cells releases vesicles of membrance and cell wall
ii. Vesicles join to form membrane and cell wall fro separation.

28
Q

How are 7. Microtubules responsible for Vesicle movement in the cytoplasm ?

A

a. Example: in a nerve cell, the movement of nuerotransmiters down the axon
i. Anterograde transport : from the body to the end of the axon “forward movement”
ii. Retrograde transport: from the end of axon back to the cell body

29
Q
  1. MAPS: microtubules associated proteins
A

microtubules associated proteins

30
Q

kinesin (family of proteins)

A

i. Kinesin moves molecules in a anterograde transport toward the + end of microtubule.
1. Orginally called CENP-E (centriole protein E)

31
Q

Dymein family protein

A

Dymein family protein of motor protein moves vesicles in retrograde transport (back toward the (– ) end of microtubule.

32
Q

Melanophores

A

pigment containing vesicles found in frogs to darken the skin = anterograde transport toward the cell membrane. To lighten the skin retrograde transport of vesicled toward the center the cell.

33
Q

Experiment to demonstrate MAP’s #1

A

EXP #1: Giant squid axon  Isolate cystoplam from squid axon  spread on a microscope slide - add dye containing vesicles  RESULTS: Vesicles moved along the microtubule in the squid cytoplasm.

34
Q

Experiment to demonstrate MAP’s #2

A

i. Added isolated mictotuble  added TAXOL chemical joined microtubule into bundle  add ATP  added vesicles containing dye –> Results: no movement of vesicles along the microtubule.

35
Q

MAPS

A

d. MAPS are part of the kinesin family of motor protein. 380,000 molecular weight , 4 polypeptides 2 long and 2 short
i. Globular head function: ATP hydrolysis , ATP  ADP, Pi + energy
ii. Carboxyterminal and short protein bind to vesicles .

36
Q

Kinesin

A

ATP motor proteins that walk along microtubules anterograde + end.

37
Q

Dynein

A

ATP motor proteins that walk along microtubules retrograde

- end.

38
Q

Microtubules responsible Cilia and Flagella movement of whole cell

A
  1. Microtubules responsible Cilia and Flagella movement of whole cell
    a. Sperm have flagella
    b. Cells line respiratory system have cilia (to remove foreign materials)
    c. Cilia – short , flagella – long

Cytology (1 decks)

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