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MCB I > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up protofilaments?

How many protofilaments in a MT?

A

Alpha and beta tubulins. Alt order

1 MT = 13 protofilaments

Alpha @ - end
Beta @ + end

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2
Q

Which filaments are DYNAMIC

A

MTs and microfilaments

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3
Q

Are protofilaments/ MTs polar? Which end what side?

A

YES, theyare POLAR
- @ centrosome
+ near cell PERIPHERY

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4
Q

MT motor P’s:

Which MP goes + → -?

A

Dynein

Mn = dynein ~ dine in (towards cell)
Or dying is a NEGATive thing

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5
Q

MT what is CATASTROPHE?

A

When the GDP bound tubulin reaches the growing end

→ it falls apart

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6
Q

What does alpha and beta tubulin need to elongate?

A

GTP

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7
Q

Rate of polymerization or depolymerization of muscle cells depends on ___

A

[GTP]

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8
Q

Dynamic instability

A

MicroTUBULES

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9
Q

Treadmilling

A

Actin (microfilament)

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10
Q

Which tubulin hydrolyzes GTP→ GDP?

A

BETA tubulin

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11
Q

Function of MTs
Singlets?
Doublets?
Triplets?

A

Singlets fn = TX VESICLES
Doublets fn = CILIA, FLAGELLA (axoneme)
Triplets fn = make up CENTRIOLES

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12
Q

How manyy triplets are in a centriole?

A

9

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13
Q

MTs: singlets fn

A

TX VESICLES, organelles and chromosomes

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14
Q

MTs: doublets fn

A

CILIA
FLAGELLA
AXONEME

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15
Q

MTs: triplets fn

A

Make up CENTRIOLES (9)
Basal bodies
MTOCs

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16
Q

How many centrioles in a centrosome?

A

2

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17
Q

T/F there are 9 MT doublets in a centriole?

A

FALSE

Centriole = 9 TRIPLETS

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18
Q

What are the - ends of the MT ANCHORED IN?

A

MTOC

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19
Q

T/F motor P’s have ATPase activity

A

True

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20
Q

Where will you find the gamma tubulin

A

In the MTOC in the PERICENTRIOLAR material

@ ORIGIN (- end) of MTs

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21
Q

What is the funciton of MT associate P’s? (MAP)

A

STABILIZE existing MTs

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22
Q

What happens when you hyperpolarize tau?

A

They will CLUMP → forming NFTs

NFTs DESTABILIZE MTs → alzheimers

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23
Q

What is the origin of MTs?

A

MTOCs (@ - end) & GAMMA tubulin

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24
Q

What is the advantage of using MT motor P’s?

A

FASTER to get to destination
EFFICIENT
More accurate in going to correct destination

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25
Q

How many ATPase heads do MT motor proteins have?

A

2

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26
Q

What is the cause of Alheimers?

A

HYPERPHOSPHORYLATED TAU → forms NFTs = depol MT and bad axon tx

ACCUM of BETA-AMYLOID/ SENILE PLAQUES (EXTRACELLULAR)

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27
Q

Where in the cell will you find BETA-AMYLOID / SENILE PLAQUES?

A

EXTRAcellular

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28
Q

Where in the cell would you find NFTs?

A

INTRAneuronal

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29
Q

What does hyperphosphorylation of tau cause?

A

FORMS NFTs (intraneuronal)

ACCUM of beta amyloid plaques (extra)

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30
Q

What gene is a RISK FACTOR for alzheimers?

A

apo E4 = RF… NOT cause

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31
Q

How does apo E2 gene fx alzheimers?

A

↓ RISK

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32
Q

What kind of alheimers contain the following genes? & what inheritance is this?

PRESINILIN 1 & 2
BETA-amyloid precursor (trisomy 21)

A

EARLY ONSET

AD

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33
Q

Apo E4 gene is associated with what kind of alzheimers?

A

LATE ONSET

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34
Q

Genes associated with Early and Late onset alheimers =?

A

EARLY = PRESINILIN 1 & 2, BETA-amyloid

LATE ONSET = apo E4 = MULTIFACTORIAL

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35
Q

MULTIFACTORIAL (Alzheimers)

A

LATE ONSET

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36
Q

LATE ONSET alheimers

A

MULTIFACTORIAL
Apo E4 = RF
Apo E2 = ↓ Risk

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37
Q

Early onset Alzheimers: what is fn of PRESINILIN 1, 2 or BETA-amyloid?

A

MUT in these genes alter fn of SECRETASE

Secretase cleaves the beta-amyloid

Mut = longer strands of beta-amyloid peptide = diz

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38
Q

What is the fn of SECRETASE? What happens if it is mut?

A

CLEAVE beta-amyloid peptide

Mut = LONGER b-amyloid peptide = EARLY ONSET ALZHEIMERS

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39
Q

Mitotic spindle: fn of dynein

A

Attached to KINETOCHORE MTs

Brings chromos CLOSER

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40
Q

Mitotic spindle: Kinesin

A

Attached to POLAR MTs

Push off each other to ↑ DISTANCE btw CENTROSOMES

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41
Q

Axoneme

A

CILIA

FLAGELLA

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42
Q

What is the axonemes MTOC?

A

BASAL BODY

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43
Q

What is the AXONEME?

A

The cytosk structure in CILIA and FLAGELLA

9x2 +2

Axoneme’s MTOC = basal body

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44
Q

9x2 +2 arrangement

A

Axoneme

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45
Q

Structure of BASAL BODY

A

Complete (13 protofil) MT grow 2 out of 3 MTs in the 9 triplets of basal body

BASAL BODY = 9x3
CILIM = 2 OUT OF 3 of MT

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46
Q

Structure /arrangement of Cilia

A

Basal body = 9x3 (~ centriole)

Cilium = 9x2 + 2 (in center)

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47
Q

BENDING in cilia and flagella is due to ___?

A

1) Dynein &

2) LINKAGE PROTEINS

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48
Q

DIZ of Immotile cilia & sperm

A

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

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49
Q

Immotile cilia & sperm leads to what?

What diz is this?

A

INFERTILITY (sperm)

RETENTION OF SECRETIONS = RECURRENT INFXNS

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50
Q

What symp will you observe in Kartagener syn?

A

SITUS INVERSUS = inverted organs
Bronchiectasis (thickened bronchi)
Chronic paranasal sinusitis
Infertiliy

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51
Q

Why is there SITUS INVERSUS in KARTAGENER syn?

A

↓ ciliary activity = Defective cell motility during embryogenesis

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52
Q

Polar MT : __________

Kinetochore MT : _____________

A

Polar MT : KINESIN
Kinetochore MT: DYNEIN
Mn: KD has a SHORT & CLOSE sister

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53
Q

Which drugs bind tubulin & PREVENT GROWTH / polymerization

A

Colchicine (gout)
VINcristine & VinBLASTine (CA with ↑ mitotic index)

Mn: VIN diesel BLASTs away growth

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54
Q

What does vincristine and vinblastine prevent?

A

Bind tubulin → PREVENT GROWTH

Prevents FORMATION OF MITOTIC SPINDLE → blocks cell in M phase

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55
Q

What does Paclitaxel (Taxol) do?

A

Bind and STABILIZE MTs (inhib depol)

BLOCKS MITOSIS (can’t break ↓ mitotic spindle)

Treat CA

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56
Q

What CA drug inhibits DEPOLymerization?

A

Paclitaxel (taxol)

Mn: TAXes STABILIZE the nation’s spending

Mn: TAXes are the reason that the gov CAN’T BREAK DOWN (mitotic spindle)

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57
Q

What drug causes:

1) inability to FORM mitotic spindle
2) inability to BREAK DOWN mitotic spindle?

A

1) Vincristine, Vinblastine

2) Paclitaxel (Taxol)

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58
Q

Intermediate Filaments = polar or non-polar?

A

NON polar

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59
Q

What is the basic structure of IFs?

A

8 TETRAmers

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60
Q

T/F: IF need ATP or GTP 4 polymerization

A

FALSE!
No ATP or GTP needed

Needs PHOS 4 pol/depolymerization

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61
Q

2 FNs of IFs

A

1) TENSILE STRENGTH (b/c of HEMIDESMOSOMES)

2) RESISTANCE to STRETCH (b/c of DESMOSOMES)

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62
Q

HEMIdesmosomes attribute to which fn of IFs?

A

TENSILE strength

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63
Q

What are the Motor proteins of IFs?

A

NONE

IFs have no fn with MPs

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64
Q

What are exmaples of NUCLEAR IFs?

A

LAMINS a, b ,c

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65
Q

What are the components of VIMENTIN like IFs?

A

Vimentin → fibroblasts, endothelial cells

Desmin → muscle

Glial fibrillary acidic P → glial cells

Peripherin → neurons

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66
Q

Desmin

A

MUSCLE

VIMENTIN-like IFs

Mn: DESMond green = athlete and has lots of MUSCLE

67
Q

What are the components of EPITHELIAL type IFs?

A

Type I and II keratins

type I = acidic
Mn: A is the 1st letter in alphabet

Type II = basic

68
Q

Type I keratin characteristics

A

ACIDIC

Epithelial type IFs

69
Q

keratin IFs that break in epithelial cells = ?

A

BLISTERING

70
Q

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex = which keratins?

Location?

A

5 and 14

BASEMENT MEM

Mn = Bullosa = Basal (& 5 letters)

Mn; whats 9+10 video.. =19. 5+14 = 19 and that video is BS (bullosa simplex)

71
Q

Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis = which keratins?

Location fx’d?

A

1 and 10

SUPRABASILAR

Mn: scale of 1 to 10 surveys are HYPERactively used in MPH programs

72
Q

Epidermolytic PLANTOPALMAR Keratoderma = which keratins?

A

9

Mn: Dogs (K9) like sniffing human’s HANDS AND FEET

73
Q

Fn of LAMINS

A

1) Lines INNER surface of NUC ENV
2) Structural stability
3) PROTECTS DNA
4) ANCHOR site 4 chromos, TFs & pores

74
Q

Progeria = mut in what?

A

LAMIN A

75
Q

What is the fn os neurofilaments (type of IF)

A

CROSS-linking of NFs STRENGTHENS long AXONS

76
Q

What shape does Actin form?

A

actin monomer forms DOUBLE HELIX

77
Q

Actin FN (3)

A

1) cell MIGRATION
2) structure
3) CYTOKINESIS

78
Q

Which type of filament is responsible for cytokinesis?

A

ACTIN (microfilament)

Also does cell migration and structure

79
Q

What is needed for Actin to grow / polymerize?

A

ATP

80
Q

T/F Actin needs GTP to GROW

A

FALSE ….Needs ATP

GTP used by MTs

81
Q

Which filaments are polar

A

MTs & Microfilaments (ACTIN)

82
Q

What is the difference btw the + & - end of actin?

A

+ end = FAST growing

- end = SLOW growing

83
Q

what is the purpose of CAPPING in actin?

What Protein or whatever actually caps Actin

A

1) CREATES BOUNDARIES … otherwise growing Actin would keep growing uncontrollably into spaces it shouldn’t
2) Actin-ATP cap

84
Q

What controls the rate of elongation/ shortening in actin?

A

ATP

85
Q

If there is a ↑ [ATP] & ATP-G-actin, which end will the actin elongate from?

A

BOTH ends

86
Q

↓ [ATP] leads to what in actin elongation?

A

TREADMILLING

Length stays the same. SAME RATE elongate from 1 side and break down from the other side

87
Q

TREADMILLING : ______

DYNAMIC INSTABILITY : ____

A

Treadmilling = F-ACTIN

Dynamic instability = MTs

88
Q

What is the relationship btw G-actin and F-actin

A

G-Actin POLYMERIZES into F-Actin (actin Filaments)

G-actin = globular
F-actin = filamental
89
Q

MITOTIC SPINDLE = what type of filament?

A

MTs

90
Q

What is needed 4 F-actin ELONGATION?

A

ARP complex (ARP 2/3)

91
Q

Where can ARP complex be found?

What does it do?

A
  • LEADING edge of MIGRATING CELLS (Actin)
  • NUCLEATES (elongates) filaments (actin).
  • works more efficiently when BOUND to side of PREEXISTING actin
92
Q

What does ARP 2/3 do?

A

Bind actin monomer & STIM BUILDING NEW ACTIN fil

93
Q

What nucleates (stim) growth of STRAIGHT UNBRANCHED actin?

What does it form/ product?

A

FORMIN

PARALLEL BUNDLES

94
Q

CROSS LINKING actin-binding P’s

A

COFILIN
GELSOLIN

Mn: CG wears a choker with CROSS LINKING design

95
Q

SEVERING actin-binding P’s

A

FILAMIN
FIMBRIN
VILLIN

96
Q

What does Thymosin do?

A

Bind g - prev f

BINDS g-actin →
PREVENTS f-actin assembly

97
Q

What does profilin do?

A

Binds G-actin → PROMOTES actin assembly @ + end

▵s Actin-ADP → actin-ATP

COMPETES with THYMOSIN

98
Q

Thymosin vs Profilin

A

Both bind to G-actin

Thymosin = PREVENT f-actin assembly

PROfilin = PROmotes assembly @ + end

99
Q

Cofilin

A

DISASSEMBLES @ - end

Mn; disassembly is a - thing

100
Q

Gelsolin

A

CAPS + end

= prev further growth?

Mn: use GEL when I don’t wear a CAP

101
Q

To prevent actin from further growth and crossing boundaries, _____ is an actin binding protein that will (do) _____ to solve this issue

A
  • GELSOLIN

CAP + end

Mn: i use GEL on my hair when I don’t wear a CAP

102
Q

Which myosin has CONTRACTILE activity?

A

MYOSIN II (in musc)

103
Q

______ (3) form parallel cables/ bundles of actin

while _____ (2) form WEBS/GELS of actin

A

Parallel cable = ALPHA-actinin, FIMBRIN and VILLIN

Web = SPECTRIN and FILAMEN

Mn: you can SPECTate dr. FIL on the WEB

104
Q

ALPHA-actinin properties

A

STRESS fibers
CONTRACTILE
LOOSE packing

105
Q

What kinds of cross-linking p will you find in FOCAL ADHESIONS?

A

ALPHA - actinin

Loose, contractile, stress

106
Q

Fimbrin

A

NON-contractile
MICROVILLI
Tight

107
Q

ALPHA -actinin can be found where? (2)

A

In STRESS fibers
Mn = ALPHA personality ppl STRESS me out

Within FOCAL ADHESIONs

108
Q

What kinds of cross linking would you find in MICROVILLI?

A

FIMBRIN

109
Q

Dystrophin

A

ANCHOR 2 SARCOLEMMA

Anchors actin cytosk 2 SARCOLEMMA in sk musc

110
Q

Vinculin and Talin

A

FOCAL ADHESIONS

Attach actin cytosk to mem in focal adhesions

111
Q

Which cross linking PREVENTS myosin II from entering bundle?

A

FIMBRIN

Because tightly packed

112
Q

Alpha actinin

A

Loose so ALLOWS MYOSIN II to enter bundle

CONTRACTILE

Mn = Alpha is Contractile (AC) and AC makes people LOOSE /comfy

113
Q

STEREOCILIA: what is a characteristic?

What is found in it?

A

NON-MOTILE

Packed with F-actin

In hair cells and empididymis

114
Q

What is the fn of FILAMIN and where is it found? (Not fimbrin)

A

makes 3D CROSSLINKS

Found under PM

115
Q

What ACTIVATES NUCLEATING P’s (like arp)? Be specific

A

Rho GTPases – 3 kinds

Lamellipodia = rac
Filipodia = cdc42
Stress fibers = rho

116
Q

Lamellipodia = ____
Filipodia = ____
Stress fibers = ____

What do these all do?

A

Lamellipodia = rac ; MN = RACk of LAMb

Filipodia = cdc42
Stress fibers = Rho ; Mn= stress = ruh rho

All = RHO GTPases that ACT nucleating p’s

117
Q

What do Rho GTPase activate?

What do these 2 things do?

A

ARP 2/3 complex & Cofilin

ARP stim growth @ leading edge
Cofilin DEPOLs actin @ TRAILING edge

118
Q

In cell movement, what does a cell need to make to MOVE FORWARD?

A

Cell needs to make NEW LAMELLIPODIA & FOCAL ADHESIONS

REAR contracts and PROPELLED forward

119
Q

What does cofilin do??

A

DEPOL actin / break down

Mn: COFing BREAKS DOWN mucus in throat

120
Q

WASP mutation diz?

Inheritance pattern?

A

WISKOTT -ALDRICH syn

SEVERE X-linked diz

NO WASP → NO ARP2/3 ACTIVATION

121
Q

If WASP is mut, what does that lead to?

A

Bad WASP → no ARP 2/3 activation!

= no growing actin, DISRUPTION of signal pathways

=NO MIGRATION

Wiscott aldrich syn

122
Q

What are the names of 3 drugs that BLOCK ACTIN FN?

A

Cytochalasins
Phalloidin
Latrunculin

123
Q

T/F/ In musc contraction, myosin walks towards + end

A

TRUE

124
Q

In relaxed state, where is the tropomyosin?

A

COVERS myosin binding site

Has troponin on it which Ca++ binds to

125
Q

What does DESMIN do in musc?

A

Helps ALLIGN SARCOMERES

126
Q

in the sarcomere, the ____ is often CAPPED with _____ @ the + end

A

F-actin

Cap Z

127
Q

sarcomere:
What caps the + end
What caps the - end?

A

+ end cap = Cap Z

- end cap = Tropomodulin

128
Q

What is the Z disc composed of?

A

Cap Z + alpha-actinin

129
Q

Events in muscle contraction

A

Nerve Signal triggers action →
Sarco retic RELEASES Ca++ →
Ca++ bind troponin C →
tropomyosin moves and EXPOSES myosin binding site →

Myosin head binds!

130
Q

Why does RIGOR MORTIS occur?

A

Dead body no longer makes ATP

Myosin NEEDS ATP to RELEASE from ACTIN

Ca++ can’t be returned to SR

131
Q

What diz seen with mut in Actin @ Z DISK

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (30% hereditary)

Symp = CHF, weak, fatigue, PE

132
Q

67 yo pt complains with weakness and has previously been diagnosed with CHF. He has a family history of cardiac issues.

What is cause and diz?

A

Cause = mut in GENES encoding SARCOMERE, CYTOSK & NUC LAMINA

Z DISK ACTIN MUT

Diz = Dilated Cardiomyopathy

133
Q

What is the CAUSE of an ASYMPTOMATIC / Mild sym diz that presents with CP, syncope, fatigue, SOB & palpitations?

What is the inheritance?

A

Mut in CARIDAC ISOFORMS (MYOSIN II, tropomyosin and troponin)

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familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

134
Q

CARDIAC ISOFORMS mut

A

Familiar hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Kills athletes
Asymp

135
Q

Becker md genetic defect

A

INFRAME insertion/deletion

136
Q

What does DYSTROPHIN link?

A

Actin with dystroglycan beta (part of the glycoprotein complex)

137
Q

What are the components of the dystroglycan complex?

A

Alpha dystroglycan = binds to ECM via laminin & sarcoglycans

Beta = links actin to ecm.

138
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Pm of sarcomere

139
Q

Without dystrophin, what happens?

A

Loss of DAP @ sarcolemma

140
Q

Absence of physical link of DAP

A

Fragile sarcolemma

141
Q

What is happening with satellite cells in MD?

A

It is still trying to repair but repair can not keep up with repeated dmg → CT & fat accumulation

142
Q

Rigor mortis

A

Dead so can’t make ATP
ATP needed for myosin release from actin

Ca2+ not returned to SR

143
Q

Cause of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

MUTATION IN ACTIN where it binds to Z DISK

Mut in genes encoding components of sarcomete, cytoskeleton & nuclear lamina

144
Q

What is most commonly mutated in dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

TITIN

145
Q

MUT in familiar rhypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Cardiac isoforms = myosin II, tropomyosin and troponin

146
Q

What does dystrophin connect?

A

Actin 2 beta-dystroglacan (glycoP complex)

147
Q

FN of dystrophin other than connect

A

Transduce contractile forces from intracell sarcomere to ECM

148
Q

Fn of glycoP complex

A

Link actin to LAMinin 2

149
Q

A-dystroglycan connects to __

A

Laminin & sarcoglycan

150
Q

Beta dystroglycan

A

Binds dystrophin 2 glycoP complex

151
Q

Fn of dystroglycan complex

A

Structural STABILITY DURINIG CONTRACTION

152
Q

What diagnostic blood test can be used to test 4 MDs?

A

Look 4 ↑ serum CREATINE KINASE

153
Q

DMD

A

TOTAL LOSS of DYSTROPHIN
Most SEVERE
Xp21 mut
3-5 yo

Genetically lethal in males
XD
FRAMESHIFT
Calf pseudohypertrophy

154
Q

Becker MD

A

PARTIAL FUNCTION OF DYSTROPHIN
Inframe
Onset = late childhood
VARIABILITY

155
Q

Emery-Dreifuss MD

A

EMERIN (or lamin a/c) mut
X-linked
Early contractures: elbow, neck, ankles
Pacemaker by 30yo

156
Q

Myotonic Dystrophy

A 
MYOTONIN P KINASE
TRINUC RPT DISORDER (CTG)
ANTICIPATION
Ptosis
Haggard
Multisystemic
157
Q

Facioscapulohumeral MD

A

Deletion of SUBTELOMETRIC TANDEM RPT

Winged scap

158
Q

Limb girdle MD

A

Mut SARCOGLYCANS

Same symptoms as DMD and BMD
Die frmo RESP FAILURE

159
Q

Congenital muscular dystrophy

A

Mut in LAMININ

Contractures SEIZURES, MR

160
Q

NO DYSTROPHIN =

A

LOSS OF DAP @ SARCOLEMMA

161
Q

WHAT CAUSES A LOSS OF DAP @ SARCOLEMMA?

A

NO DYSTROPHIN

162
Q

ABSENCE OF PHYSICAL LINK OF DAP = ___?

A

FRAGILE SARCOLEMMA?

163
Q

WHY DO WE HAVE MD?

A

NO DYSTROPHIN =
LOSS OF DAP @ SARCOLEMMA =
NO PHYSICAL LINK =
FRAGILE SARCOLEMMA =

= MD DURING RPTD CYCLES OF CONRACTION AND RELAXATION

MCB I (5 decks)

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