cytoplasm Flashcards
- All living matter of the cell apart from the nucleus
- Gel-like material or fluid in which the cell’s organelles and internal membrane system are suspended
- Distributes substances absorbed from outside and released by the nucleus and other organelles (through cytoplasmic streaming/cycolis – flowing movement of cytoplasm)
PRINCIPLES OF CROP PRODUCTION
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm consists of the following:
- Plasmalemma/plasma membrane
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Plastids
- Microbodies
- Cytoskeleton
- Ribosomes
- Vacuoles
has selective permeability
Functions:
* Allows some substances to cross easily and completely block substances
* Accumulates the ions or the molecules in the cytosol through the action of transport proteins that consumes metabolic energy
* Coordinates the formation of cell wall microfibrils
- Plasmalemma/plasma membrane
Flattened disks or tubular sacs.
Types:
* Rough endoplasmic reticulum – with numerous ribosomes
* Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – lack ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
reticulum – with numerous ribosomes
*
Rough endoplasmic
– lack ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum
*
Rough endoplasmic reticulum – involved in the synthesis of lipid
* Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – involved in the synthesis of membrane proteins and secretory proteins
collective term for all dictyosomes (consists of stack of flattened hollow disks called cisternae) or golgi bodies
Functions:
* Involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides and glucose units for cell wall formation.
* Secretes protein and carbohydrates from the cell to the exterior part (Ex. Nectar coming out from the flower)
Golgi Apparatus
small cylindrical organelles enclosed by two-unit membranes:
Mitochondria
*– permeable for smaller particles, contains the respiratory chain component and enzymes for the synthesis of ATP.
Outer membrane
impermeable and folded into numerous cristae
- Inner membrane –
- Mitochondria
Functions:
Sites of respiration (energy source for plants body maintenance, growth and development).
- differentiated into system of membrane (2 units) and ground substance, the stroma
- Plastids
Types of plastids
Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Leucoplasts
Amyloplast
Proteinplast
Elaeioplast
Functions:
* site of photosynthesis
* involved in amino and fatty acids synthesis
* provides space for temporary storage of starch.
a. Chloroplast
– responsible for the yellow, orange or red colors of many flowers and other parts of the plants
Function: Attracts insects and other animals
b. Chromoplast
– non-pigmented plastids but once exposed to light, it may develop into chloroplasts.
c. Leucoplasts
Kapag starch
d.Amyloplast
Kapag protein
e.Protein plast
Kapag fats and oil
c. Leucoplasts
– spherical organelles bounded only by one membrane, about 0.5 to 1.5 micrometer in diameter.
- Microbodies
(other microbodies) contain enzymes needed for the conversion of fats into carbohydrates during germination in many seeds.
Lyoxysomes
– an organized cytosol into a three-dimensional network of fibrous protein.
Functions:
* Involved in the orderly growth of the cell wall, especially the control of cellulose microfibrils alignment.
* Formation of cell plate (the initial partition of dividing cell).
* Involved in the movement of flagella and cilia in which microtubules are important components of it.
- Cytoskeleton
Type of cytoskeleton
Microtubules
* Long, thin, cylindrical structures about 24 mm in diameter and of varying lengths.
* Each is made up of sub units of the protein called tubulin.
