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Histology Quiz 1 > Cytoplasm > Flashcards

Cytoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoplasm consists of

A
  • cytosol ( fluid component)
  • organelles
  • inclusion
  • cytoskeleton
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2
Q

Organelles

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. rER and sER
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Lysosome
  5. Mitochondria
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3
Q

Inclusions (storage)

A

Glycogen
Lipid droplets
Lipofuscin & melanin

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4
Q

Components of Cytoskeleton (gives cell its shape)

A
  1. Microtubules and centrosome
  2. Microfilaments (actin filaments)
  3. Intermediate filaments
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5
Q

Ribosome job

A
  • non-membrane bound
  • very large enzyme system
  • create place for AA arrangement and to catalyze the peptide bond formation in the process of protein synthesis
  • translation (mRNA—> polypeptide chain)
  • protein synthesis
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6
Q

Ribosomes structure

A
  • two subunits (60S and 40S)
    Each subunit has strand of rRNA
  • functional ribosome = 80S
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7
Q

Types of ribosomal arrangements

A
  1. Free or polyribosomes—> released in ER
  2. Fixed to ER —> rough ER
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8
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

What does translation require?

A
  1. rRNA
  2. mRNA
  3. tRNA
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10
Q

What happens during translation if the sequence in DNA is mutated?

A

Protein formed will be defective

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11
Q

Translation is using ___ as a template to form ___.

A

mRNA (nucleotide sequence)
Protein chain (amino acid sequence)

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12
Q

Where does synthesis of rRNA Occur?

A

Nucleolus

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13
Q

What catalyzes the synthesis of rRNA?

A

RNA polymerase I

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14
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Forms ribosomes when bound to other ribosomal proteins

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15
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Single stranded molecule with nucleotides
Carries the genetic codes (transcribed from DNA) as codons, determine what AA will be added

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16
Q

What is the start codon? what does it do?

A

AUG

Initiates protein synthesis

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17
Q

What are the stop codons? What do they do?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

stop protein synthesis

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18
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Transfer a certain AA molecule to be added in a proper sequence to the growing polypeptide chain, dictated by the sequence of codon on mRNA.

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19
Q

Shape of tRNA

A

Clover leaf

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20
Q

Where are free ribosomes located?

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

What can free ribosomes form?

A

Polyribosomes or polysomes ( cluster of ribosomes)

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22
Q

What do polyribosomes or polysomes do?

A

Translate a single stand of mRNA

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23
Q

Where are proteins destined for?

A

Self use in the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria

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24
Q

Where are membrane bound ribosomes located?

A

Surface of ER to become rough ER

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25
Q

Product of membrane bound ribosomes are destined for what?

A

Export out of cell —> cell secretion (enzymes)

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26
Q

Two types of ER

A

rough and smooth

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27
Q

Where is the rough ER found?

A

Adjacent to the nucleus

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28
Q

What happens to AA processed by the rough ER?

A

Will be packaged by golgi and secreted (in calcium dependent manner) for use by other cells.

** these proteins are usually enzymes

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29
Q

What happens to the raw material that is endocytosed by a cell?

A

Processed to become the AAs that will be recycled to participate in the process of protein synthesis again.

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30
Q

Protein synthesis process in rER

A

Start at mRNA 5’ end —> ribosome with signal sequence finds surface receptor to attach to —> signal sequence removed —> protein completed inside and ribosome dissociates —> new polypeptide chain is released in rough ER

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31
Q

Structure of sER compared to rER

A

Smooth= tubular and saccular
Rough= cisternal

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32
Q

Functions of smooth ER

A
  • storage of calcium in skeletal and cardiac muscle
  • storage of glycogen in liver cells (hepatocytes) “energy storage”
  • transport of protein bits from rER to Golgi
  • HORMONE SYNTHESIS (in adrenal glands)
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33
Q

Cause of Neonatal Jaundice

A

Normal breakdown of RBCs produce Bilirubin (pigment compound) —> cleared out by liver and excreted in bile

Underdeveloped sER —> Bilirubin is not cleared from blood

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34
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Stack of flattened, slightly curved membrane- bound cisternae

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35
Q

Forming face of Golgi

A

Where vesicles are coming in from sER

“cis face”

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36
Q

Maturing face of Golgi

A

“Trans face”

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37
Q

Glycosylation

A

Addition of Oligosaccharide
- important for proper protein folding and stability to prevent degradation

38
Q

Function of Golgi

A

Glycosylation —> proteins packed for final destination —> secretory vesicles —> secretory granules —> exocytosis

39
Q

3 leveled of cisternae of Golgi

A
  1. Cis face (forming face)
    - closest to rER and nucleus
  2. Medial compartment (intermediate face)
  3. Trans face
    - facing plasma membrane
40
Q

Job of cis face of Golgi

A

Receive transfer vesicles (from rER)

41
Q

What is the trans face of the Golgi associated with?

A

Trans Golgi network (TGN)

42
Q

Where does protein sorting occur?

A

TGN - trans Golgi network

43
Q

What are proteins sorted into in the TGN?

A
  1. Secretory vesicles— destined to extracellular (hormones, neurotransmitters, collagen)
  2. Plasma membrane — protein as integral part of PM
  3. Lysosomes — enzymes stored in lysosome
44
Q

What’s bigger? Rough ER or Golgi cisternea?

A

Rough ER

45
Q

What are the degrative enzymes that lysosomes possess?

A

Proteases
Lipases
Nucleases
Phosphatase
Phospholipases
Sulfatases
B- glucuronidase

46
Q

Two main processes involving lysosomes

A

Heterophagy and autophagy

47
Q

Autophagy

A

Cell uses lysosomes to dispose of excess or no functioning organelles or membranes

48
Q

What is autophagy important for?

A

Recycling amino acids

Especially for long half life proteins, membrane proteins, and extracellular proteins

49
Q

Heterophagy

A

Done by macrophages and neutrophils

50
Q

Similarities between secretory vesicles and lysosomes

A
  1. Originate from trans face of Golgi
  2. Membrane bound
  3. Globular in shape
51
Q

Differences between secretory vesicles and lysosomes

A
  1. SV contain proteins meant to be secreted out of cell (exocytosis) – lysosomes contain proteins needed by cell to carry out autophagy and Heterophagy within cell
  2. SV migrate towards cell membrane for exocytosis — lysosomes float around the cytoplasm until used
  3. SV final destination is extracellular — lysosome final destination within cytoplasm
52
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Make ATP

53
Q

Why are mitochondria highly folded?

A

Higher surface area

54
Q

What are the folds of mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

55
Q

What are the functions of mitochondria?

A
  • Carries enzymes for aerobic respiration
  • production of ATP
56
Q

What are the structural components of mitochondria?

A
  1. Outer membrane
  2. Intermembranous space
  3. Inner membrane: forming cristae
  4. Inner cavity: filled with mitochondrial matrix
57
Q

Glycolysis

A

Converts glucose anaerobically to pyruvate

58
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

59
Q

What happens to the puruvate produced in glycolysis?

A

Imported into mitochondria and oxidized to CO2 and H2O.

60
Q

What is the Krebs / TCA cycle? (Basic)

A

Chain of enzymatic rxns used by most organisms to produce energy by aerobic respiration.

61
Q

Examples of inclusions

A

Glycogen
Lipid droplets
Lipofuscin and melanin

62
Q

Dark granules in TEM image

A

Lipid droplets

63
Q

Where are Lipofuscin found?

A

No dividing cells (cardiac muscle cells, neurons)

64
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A
  1. Structure
  2. Movement
65
Q

Components of cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
66
Q

Microtubules

A
  • thickest
  • made of alpha Tubulin and beta tubulin subunits
  • hollow, tube like
67
Q

TEM image of Microtubules and actin Microfilaments

A

Green from nucleus—> Microtubules
Red around —> actin

68
Q

Where do Microtubules develop from?

A

MTOC - Microtubules organizing center

69
Q

What does tubulin in MTOC act as?

A

Nucleating sites for further polymerization

70
Q

What are two motor proteins?

A

Dynein and kinesin

71
Q

What does the motor proteins walk on?

A

Microtubules

72
Q

What allows for movement of organelles on the surface of Microtubules?

A

Motor proteins ( dynein and kinesin) —> walk on MT —> drag organelles along MT

73
Q

What are the core structures of cilia made of?

A

Microtubules

74
Q

What is the arrangement of cilia?

A

9+2

75
Q

What surface of the cell are cilia found on?

A

Apical (top)

76
Q

What’s longer, cilia or microvilli?

A

Cilia

77
Q

What are Microfilaments made of?

A

Proteins called actin (circle/globular shaped)

78
Q

How many strands does each actin filament have?

A

2

79
Q

What are the bead like subunits that assemble a strand of actin called?

A

G-actin = actin monomer

80
Q

Once g-actin are polymerized into a strand what are they called?

A

F-actin (look like fiber)

81
Q

When two strands of F-actin wind around eachother what are they then called?

A

Microfilament

82
Q

Summary of microfilament structure

A

G-actin monomer polymerized to forms
—> F-actin strand —> strands wind around eachother to form —> microfilament

83
Q

Where are microfilaments found?

A

Core of microvilli
(“Fuzz” in cross section of
Microvilli)

84
Q

What does actin play an important role in?

A

Cell movement

85
Q

How does actin contribute to cell movement?

A

Anchoring to plasma membrane via intrinsic membrane proteins

Hold microvilli up straight —> gives structure/strength

86
Q

Why are microfilaments important in cytokinesis?

A

Formation of contractile ring

87
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

Structural: Linking intracellular structures and to plasma membranes

88
Q

What is the Diameter of Microtubules?

A

About 25 nm

89
Q

What is the diameter of an actin monomer?

A

6 nm

90
Q

What is the diameter of intermediate filaments?

A

8-10 nm

91
Q

What are intermediate filaments made of?

A

Filaments of protein

92
Q

Examples of intermediate filaments

A
  • cytokeratin (epidermis) — epithelial origin
  • vimentin (muscles) — mesodermal origin
  • desmin — muscle cell origin
  • neuro-filament proteins — nerve cell origin
  • lamin — formation of nuclear membrane, located at inner side of nuclear membrane

Histology Quiz 1 (2 decks)

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