Cytopathology

Question 1

Types of cytological sampling

Answer 1

Exfoliative cytology
Abrasive cytology
Interventional (aspiration) cytology
Imprint cytology (on a glass slide imprinted on a surface)

Question 2

What is exfoliative cytology

Answer 2

Collection and examination of shed or desquamated epithelial cells
for example - sputum, urine, bile, cerebrospinal fluid, vaginal discharge, pleural fluid, ascitic fluid, and fluid from cysts often using a syringe or cotton swab

Should be processed asap to stop deterioration thrpugh drying out/enzyme or bacterial activity

Question 3

What is abrasive cytology

Answer 3

Removal and exam of cells from mucosal linings and body surfaces
Scrape, brush or wash.
Superficial or deep lesions, cervical smear, GI tract (endoscopy and gastric lavage) , buccal smear

Question 4

What is aspiration cytology

Answer 4

Because aspirated with needle from palpable solid lump or mass ef breast, lymph node, tumor

Question 5

What are the two main stains used

Answer 5

Papanicolaou (Pap) stain. Pap stain is actually comprised of 5 stains that provide a multicoloured cell sample allowing identification of different cell types and cellular features. Pap stain is very reliable and widely used, notably for cervical smears (Pap test or Pap smear).
Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain.one of the main stains used in histopathology and cytopathology. Eosin stains the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix of cells pink, while haematoxylin stains nuclei blue and is often used for fluids and aspirates.

Question 6

excision

Answer 6

tissue removed in a surgical procedure

Question 7

What is pharmacokinetics

Answer 7

What body does to a drig - Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion - ADME

Question 8

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 8

What the drug does t the body - how it works

Question 9

Type A adverse drug reaction

Answer 9

Augemented - dose related, predicatble, usually common but not severe - some may be tho

Question 10

Type B adverse drug reaction

Answer 10

Not dose related
Unpredictable
May be v severe/fatal
eg steven johnson syndrome

Question 11

Class I vs class 2 adverse drug reaction types

Answer 11

Class I - Type A + B
Class 2 - Type C, D + E

Question 12

Type C adverse drug reactions

Answer 12

Chronic treatment effects - oseteoporosis w steroids

Question 13

Type D adverse drug reaction

Answer 13

Delayed effects eg drug induced cancers

Question 14

Type E adverse drug reactions

Answer 14

Withdrawal

Question 15

Cost effectiveness ratio

Answer 15

Cost of intervention/health gains produced

Question 16

Incremental CER

Answer 16

Cost difference/difference in health gains (typically QALYs)