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Cytology (1st semester) > Cytology introduction > Flashcards

Cytology introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cytology the study of?

A

Structure and function of cells

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2
Q

What is Histology the study of?

A

Studies tissues and microscopic structure of organs

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3
Q

What is Embryology the study of?

A

Fetal development of vertebrates

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4
Q

When was the first microscope made?

A

1590

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5
Q

Who created the first microscope?

A

Hans Lippershey and Sacharias Jensen

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6
Q

Who improved the first microscope and when?

A

Galileo Galilei improved the 1st microscope in 1610

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7
Q

Between 1611-1628, who made real prototype of the modern microscope?

A

Christopher Scheiner

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8
Q

Who examined the ‘cork’ using a similar microscope to Scheiner?

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

Who began to use the word ‘cell’?

A

Robert Hooke

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10
Q

What does the word ‘Histology’ split into?

A

Histos (tissue) + logia (scientific research)

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11
Q

Who proposed the term ‘Histology’ and when?

A

Xavier Bichat (1771-1802)

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12
Q

Who postulated cell theory?

A

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden

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13
Q

What are cells the basic unit of?

A

All life functions, exchange, movement, reactivity and continuity of information

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14
Q

What is each cell derived of?

A

Another cell

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15
Q

What year the ‘cell nuclei’ was discovered and by whom?

A

1825 - Jan Evangelista Purkyně

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16
Q

What year the theory ‘every cell comes from a cell’ was discovered and by whom?

A

1852 - Rudolf Virchow

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17
Q

Latin sentence for ‘every cell comes from a cell’?

A

‘Omnis cella e cullula’

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18
Q

What year ‘nucleic acids’ were discovered and by whom?

A

1869 - Friedrich Miescher

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19
Q

What year ‘mitosis’ was discovered and by whom?

A

1873 - Walther Flemming and Matthias Schleiden

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20
Q

What year ‘chromosomes’ were discovered and by whom?

A

1874 - Bugli and 1875 -Edouard Van Beneden

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21
Q

What year ‘centrioles’ were discovered and by whom?

A

1885 - Theodor Boveri

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22
Q

What year the ‘internal reticulum’ was discovered and by whom?

A

1886 - Camillo Golgi

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23
Q

What year range ‘meiosis’ was discovered and by whom?

A

1887-1889 - Edouard van Beneden and Theodor Boveri

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24
Q

What year ‘mitochondria’ were discovered and by whom?

A

1894 - Richard Altman and Carl Benda

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25
Q

What year range ‘proteins and amino acid organisation’ were discovered and by whom?

A

1899-1908 - Emil Fisher

26
Q

What is cytochemistry?

A

The chemistry of living cells, especially as studied microscopically.

27
Q

What is Histochemistry?

A

The branch of science concerned with the identification and distribution of the chemical constituents of tissues by means of stains, indicators, and microscopy.

28
Q

What is Immunocytochemistry?

A

Technique that assesses presence of a specific protein/antigen in cells by use of a specific antibody, which binds to it, so allows visualisation and examination under a microscope.

29
Q

What is Immunohistochemistry?

A

Powerful microscopy-based technique for visualising cell components, e.g proteins/ other macromolecules in tissue samples.

30
Q

What is electron microscopy?

A

Technique to obtain high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens. It’s used in biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles and macromolecular complexes.

31
Q

Compare cell and tissue culture?

A

Cell culture - cells are grown under lab conditions in vitro. Tissue culture - growing tissue by transferring them into an artificial environment in which they can continue and function.

32
Q

What are hybridisation techniques used for?

A

Detect particular sequences (target) within a complex mixture of DNA/RNA molecules. DNA/RNA are usually transferred and immobilised to nitrocellulose or, more commonly, to nylon membranes.

33
Q

What is considered development in science?

A

Accumulation of large amounts of scientific data

34
Q

What are tissues meant to do? List the specific functions.

A

Tissues are specialised to carry out different activities and specific physiological functions, e.g. Excitability, conductivity, contractility, absorption, assimilation, secretion, excretion, respiration, growth and reproduction.

35
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous

36
Q

Function of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers all free body surfaces + protective and secretory functions

37
Q

Function of connective tissue?

A

Penetrates all other tissue + supporting and protective function in organ construction

38
Q

Function of muscle tissue?

A

Highly specialised for contractility + role in body part movement

39
Q

Function of nerve tissue?

A

High specialisation of cells for conduction and contractility. Neurones connect the nervous system + body parts

40
Q

Features of light microscopy?

A
  • Routine
  • Inverted
  • Phase contrast
  • Fluorescence
  • Polarised + dark field
41
Q

Features of electron microscopy?

A
  • SEM
  • TEM
  • Fracture + Freeze etching
42
Q

Formula for Magnification?

A

Magnification = Eyepiece x Objective lens

43
Q

Describe the ‘inverted’ feature of the light microscope?

A

Light from top + objective lens at bottom. Very good for cell/tissue culture observations, including time lapse light microscopy of cells

44
Q

Describe the ‘phase contrast’ feature of the light microscope?

A

Based on theory that light alters in speed when passing cellular + extracellular structures with different refractive indices (density). Image looks darker than surrounding background

45
Q

Describe the ‘fluorescence’ feature of the light microscope?

A

Cell structures associated by means of histochemical/immunohistochemical technique with fluorescent dyes + observed microscopically with filters for a specific wave length

46
Q

Describe the ‘polarising’ feature of the light microscope?

A
  • Uses polarised light and used to observe crystals.

- Limited biological uses as cells are fragile and might die. - Also mostly colourless.

47
Q

Describe the ‘TEM’ feature of the light microscope? [Transmission electron microscope]

A

Beam of electrons transmitted through ultra-thin specimen, interacting with specimen as it passes it

48
Q

Describe the ‘SEM’ feature of the light microscope? [Scanning electron microscope]

A

Beam of electrons scanned over specimen to make a magnified image of object. The electrons interact with atoms in sample, to make various signals that have information about the sample’s surface topography + composition.

49
Q

Describe the ‘freeze fracture’ feature of the light microscope?

A
  • Specimen frozen rapidly and cracked on a plane through tissue.
  • Fracture occurs along weak portions of the tissue such as membranes/organelle surfaces.
  • After cleaving, both surfaces are shadowed with platinum film.
  • This coating produces a replica of the surfaces.
50
Q

What can electron microscopes examine?

A
  • Living cells/tissues
  • Thin material omentum/pleura
  • Biological fluids and their cells
  • Post-mortem tissue sample
  • Biopsy material (to prep a permanent histological slide)
51
Q

What are coagulative fixatives?

A

They remove water from tissues leading to coagulation and denaturalisation of proteins, mostly in the extracellular matrix, to fix material for light microscopy

52
Q

Examples of coagulative fixatives?

A
  • HSI
  • Chromic acid
  • Matanol
  • Ethanol
53
Q

When precipitates coagulate, what happens to proteins?

A

Denaturation

54
Q

Are coagulative fixatives suitable for Electron microscopes?

A

NO

55
Q

Examples of non-coagulative fixatives?

A
  • Formaldehyde

- Glutaraldehyde

56
Q

What do non-coagulative fixatives do?

A

Form inter and intramolecular changes of the solution from solution to gel.

57
Q

What does Formaldehyde do?

A

Quickly penetrates tissue but easily removed with a few washes

58
Q

What does Glutaraldehyde do?

A
  • Slowly penetrates but permanently binds to proteins. - Cell membrane is partially permeable and osmotically active.
59
Q

What must be done before colouring slides? (staining)

A
  • Paraffin (waxy solid) removed from tissues by performing rehydration
  • ^ As most usable dyes are soluble in water
60
Q

How to use the protocol Hematoxylin/Eosin stain?

A
  • After rehydration, place in hematoxillin for 20-40 mins.
  • Lavage 1-5 mins (wash out of body cavity)
  • Differentiation in Ethanol containing 1% HCl for 5 sec (removes excess paint + stains nuclei)
  • Wash in water
  • Stain in Eosin solution for 10 min. Lavage again
  • Dehydrate + paraffin embedding
61
Q

How to prepare for EM (postfixation)?

A
  • Osmium tetraoxide = secondary fixative, as it associates with lipids, since it’s believed the unsaturated bonds of the FA are oxidised by it and materialized.
  • It is an electronically dense black substance, that strengthens + increases contrast of sample.

Cytology (1st semester) (1 decks)

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