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Clin Path > Cytology Ch 12 D&P > Flashcards

Cytology Ch 12 D&P Flashcards

1
Q

Predominance of eosinophils is usually associated with what four types of lesions?

A

Allergies, parasites, some infectious agents like Pythium and eosinophilic granuloma.

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2
Q

Cytology with mix of small lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, a few eosinophils and maybe a few neutrophils, and in the macrophages is some bright pink purple granular to globular material and its also seen extracellular.

A

Injection site reaction

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3
Q

Skin lesion in a bird with lipid laden macrophages and multinucleated giant cells and occasional cholesterol crystals.

A

Xanthoma

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4
Q

How do myocobacteria appear on cytology?

A

They fail to stain so they appear as clear, rod shaped refractile structures within macrophages or in the background of the smear.

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5
Q

What organism appears as oval to egg shaped basophilic yeasts and where might they be seen>

A

Candida and may be seen from oral or cloacal swabs in birds and they also form hyphae and pseudohyphae.

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6
Q

What is the cytologic appearance of blasto?

A

Round basophilic yeast that is 6-15um, ie about the size of an RBC to a little larger than an neutrophil with a thick, distinct, clear, refractile capsule. Stains dark blue and may see broad based budding.

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7
Q

What is the cytologic appearance of Crypto?

A

Ranges from 2-20um and has a thick clear unstained mucopolysaccharide capsule and may be present in large numbers with few inflammatory cells.

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8
Q

What is the cyto appearance of Coccidioides immitis?

A

20-200um diameter spherules with a thick, refractile cell wall and granular basophilic protoplasm and multiple internal endospores that measure 2-5um diameter.

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9
Q

Cytology of a bird lesion with pear shaped organisms witha small nucleus, curvilinear nonstaining structure (axostyle) and anterior flagella.

A

Trichomonas, would be from the oral cavity of birds.

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10
Q

Cytology of organisms that are 15-40um in diameter with a clear cell wall and appear compartmentalized with a blue to purple speckled appearance.

A

Prototheca. Appear compartmentalized due to endosporulation.

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11
Q

Cytology of fluctuant neck mass with large vacuolated macrophages and variable numbers of neutrophils, RBCs, +/- hematoidan crystals, irregular masses of hyaline pale blue material and/or a more diffuse pink to blue granular to fibrillar backgound.

A

Sialocele.

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12
Q

Round cell tumor and the cells have a round nucleus with coarse cord like chromatin and a prominent, large nucleolus. The cyoplasm has clear vacuoles and cell margins are distinct. Mitoses are frequent. There may be a few inflammatory cells scattered around.

A

TVT

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13
Q

What is the normal protein concentration and cell count of peritoneal fluid?

A

Less than 2.5g/dl; transudates have a protein concentration of less than this.
Cell counts are usually less than 5000 cells/uL.

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14
Q

Potential cell types that may be seen in body cavity effusions?

A 
Mesothelial cells (remember these when reactive can look pretty crazy with multinucleation, mitoses and anisokaryosis.)
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes, plasma cells 
Eosinophils
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15
Q

What are the possible reasons a transudate would develop?

A

Decreased plasma oncotic pressure, ie d/t Hypoalbuminemia.

  • Lymphatic blockage
  • Early urinary bladder rupture
  • There will be a mix of few macs, neuts and mesothelial cells
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16
Q

What are the causes of a modified transudate?

A

Develop d/t increased hydrostatic pressure or permeability of capillaries and/or lymphatic vessels.
Intermediate cellularity 2.5-5 g/dL and 1000=7000 cells/uL.
Common causes: cardiac dz, neoplasms, hepatic dz and FIP.
Can see neuts, macs, mesothelial cells etc in this, or maybe even neoplastic cells.

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17
Q

What is the cause of exudates?

A
  • Develop d/t increased vascular permeability caused by inflammation with high cell counts and high protien cout.
  • Degen and non Degen neuts usually dominate with macs, RBCs and other leukocytes in variable numbers. Neuts will be non degen in non septic exudates like from bile or urine peritonitis or from pancreatic enzymes, or d/t tissue necrosis.
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of chylous effusion and where / why may it occur?

A
  • Its high fat and hast LOTS of small lymphocytes in it. Its due to rupture of the thoracic duct and may be seen in the thorax or abdomen. Its chylous or high fat.
  • It may be seen with neoplasia, cardiac dz, mediastinal granulomas, dirofilariasis, diaphragmatic hernia, lung lobe torsion.
  • Often occurs in cats with cardiac dz
  • The fluid is mostly small lymphocytes
  • The fluid should have a higher triglyceride concentration and lower cholesterol concentration than blood
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19
Q

What is the fluid like in FIP?

A
  • Usually yellow and may contain fibrin clots.
  • Protein is usually high (> 3.5) but nucleated cell count is variable.
  • Cells will include non degen neuts, macs, lymphs
  • **There will be a characteristic granular eosinophilic proteinic precipitate in the background
20
Q

What kind of fluid in cavities is seen in cats versus dogs with heart failure?

A

Cats > Chylothorax
Dogs > Ascites d/t leakage of high protein hepatic lymph secondary to increased intrahepatic hydrostatic pressure.
- Ascites is a modified transudate and contains WBCs, RBCs and mesothelial cells.

21
Q

What is the best way to dx uroperitoneum?

A

Measuring creatinine in the effusion and the blood, it should be greater in the abdominal fluid.

22
Q

What does it mean if macrophages from abdominal fluid have yellow green to blue green pigment in their cytoplasm?

A
  • Bile peritonitis. You’ll also see other WBCs and mesothelial cells.
  • You can confirm the dx by demonstrating a higher concentration of bilirubin in the fluid than the blood.
23
Q

What does a coelom aspirate in a bird that looks like FIP in a cat mean?

A
  • Egg Yolk peritonitis, may incite mild to moderate inflammation.
  • The egg yolk is light pink to blue with a granular precipitate.
24
Q

What constitutes the majority of cells in synovial fluid?

A

Large mononuclear cells that are mostly macrophages. and fewer small mononuclear cells and lymphocytes. Neutrophils are rare and eosinophils are normally absent.

25
Q

What are the three possible synovial fluid general descriptors?

A
  • non inflammatory / degenerative
  • Inflammatory
  • Acute hemorrhage
26
Q

Joint fluid that has mostly mononuclear cells with increased cell count, mild to moderate, slight increase in neutrophils, fluid protein is only slightly increased and the fluid doesn’t clot.

A

Degenerative joint dz.

27
Q

If the joint fluid cell count is very high (>10,000 cells/ul), the majority of cells are neutrophils and mononuclear cells are also increased and the protein is increased and the fluid may clot.

A

Inflammatory arthropathy - infectious or non infectious (ie immune mediated)

28
Q

What is the predominate cell type in non septic inflammation - immune mediated?

A

The cell count is high and its usually mostly neutrophils.

29
Q

What is the appearance of synovial fluid aspirate from a bird with gout?

A

Chalky white particulate matter and needle like crystalline structure of uric acid that may polarize?

30
Q

What does it mean in the fluid is orange with erythrophagocytosis, hemosiderin and hemoroidan?

A

Chronic hemarthrosis from trauma or coagulopathy. Hemorrhage incites inflammation so the cell count is up too

31
Q

How cellular should the CSF be normally?

A

Very low, less than 9 cells/uL, if increased its termed pleocytosis.
RBC should not be present in the CSF normally.

32
Q

What constitutes the majority of protein in CSF and what causes in increase in CSF protein usually?

A
  • Albumin (its derived from plasma albumin)
  • hemorrhage, increased permeability of the BBB or BCSF barrier, increased protein synthesis in the CSF (both caused my inflammation) or tissue degeneration.
33
Q

Which cells are normally present in the CSF?

A

Almost exclusively mononuclear cells, mostly small lymphocytes with fewer monocytoid cells.

34
Q

Neurtophilic pleocytosis in the CSF means what?

A

Bacterial infections, certain viral infections like FIP, EEE, some tumors likemeningioma, mycotic infections, steroid responsive meningitis.

35
Q

Lymphocytic / monocytic pleocytosis suggests what?

A
  • Viral infection, degenerative CNS dz, listeriosis, NME of pugs and maltese dogs, GME
36
Q

Eosinophils in the CSF suggest what?

A
  • Parasitic infection
  • Cryptococcus
  • Idiopathic steroid responsive condition.
37
Q

Organisms from a nasal smear and it has many neutrophils and round to oval spores that are 5-10um with a thin flightly refractile wall and red pink spherical internal globular structures. Large sporangia, more than 100um in diameter with numerous endospores may be present. What is it?

A

Rhinosporidium seeberi

38
Q

What are Curschmann’s spirals?

A

Twisted strands of mucin that represent casts of small bronchioles and occur in any condition that causes chronic over production of mucin.

39
Q

What is the appearance of Goblet cells on cytology?

A

Mucus producing columnar cells with numerous bright pink mucin filled cytoplasmic granules; not commonly seen but may be increased in chronic conditions with increased mucous production.

40
Q

What are the four types of epithelial cells that may be seen in vaginal cytology?

A

Basal cells > the deepest layer, not usually seen.
Parabasal cells > smallest epi cells normally seen. Have only a small amount of cytoplasm and may be seen in prepubertal dogs.
Intermediate cells > Twice the size of parabasal cells, may appear angular and folded.
Superficial cells > Largest, have faded or pyknotic nuclei or are anucleate, cornified cells with angular or folded margins.

41
Q

What are the cyto features of proestrus vaginal cytology?

A

Start of estrus cycle.
Epi cells proliferate in response to estrogen and RBC diapedesis occurs.
Early > all types of epi cells, RBCs and Neutrophils.
Later > Neuts decrease in number and intermediate and superficial cells predominate
Bacterial may be present (throughout the cycle)

42
Q

What are the cyto features of estrus vaginal cytology?

A

Superficial/keratinized cells comprise 90% or more of the cell population and many of these cells are anucleate.
Neutrophils are absent. RBCs variable.
Bacteria may be present.

43
Q

What are the cyto features of diestrus vaginal cytology?

A

The number of superficial cells abruptly decreases and intermediate and parabasal cells increase, comprising more than 50% of the population.
Neuts increase in number and RBCs present again.
*May be hard to distinguish from proestrus on a single vaginal smear.

44
Q

What are the cyto features of anestrus on vaginal cytology?

A

Parabasal cells and intermediate cells predominate.

Neutrophils and bacteria may be present in small numbers.

45
Q

What is the cytologic appearance in a case of SIPS?

A

Subinvolution of placental sites
Retention of placental tags with maintenance of blood supply.
Usually a bright red bloody discharge that persists for weeks to months after parturition.
The cyto smear consists of blood cells.

46
Q

What are four common neoplasms to be diagnosed by vaginal smear?

A

TVT, SCC, Lymphoma, TCC that has invaded the vagina.

Clin Path (14 decks)

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