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Histology > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a barrier that surround the cytoplasm and marks boundary of the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic concepts about membrane?

A

They are not homogenous

Many membrane components are in a state of constant dynamic flux

Membrane components are highly asymmetrical

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3
Q

What is the primary component of the plasma membrane?

A

Lipid

Most common of these lipids is the phospholipid

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4
Q

What are the parts of of phospholipid?

A

Polar (hydrophilic) head containing glycerol, phosphate and a nitrogen base

Tail is made up of two long chain fatty acids. The tails are NONpolar

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5
Q

Explain the fluid mosaic model

A

Phospholipids in a bilayer

Cholesterol stiffens membrane or controls the fluidity

Integral proteins span the membrane that form channels, pores and pumps for movement of material into and out of cell

Peripheral proteins are held in place by non polar amino acids. Example: receptors (external), control for (internal)

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6
Q

What is the process of moving fluid into the cell called?

A

Pinocytosis

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7
Q

What is the process of moving material into the cell via the use of protein receptors?

A

Receptor mediated Endocytosis

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8
Q

What is the process of moving solids into the cell?

A

Phagocytosis

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9
Q

_______ function to transform chemical energy to ATP

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

Mitochondria contain what components?

A 
Inner membrane 
Outer membrane 
Elementary particles
Circular DNA
Granules
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11
Q

________ of the mitochondria contains porin protein which form channels

A

Outer membrane

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12
Q

_________ contain cristae (folds)

A

Inner membrane

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13
Q

________ are the actual site of ATP formation and are attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Elementary particles

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14
Q

Mitochondria have unique DNA what is ______

A

Circular

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15
Q

The ______ in mitochondria are made up of calcium, DNA, RNA and Mg

A

Granules

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16
Q

_______ is the site of lipid and carb synthesis, protein segregation from the cytoplasm and is the site of initial post translational changes

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

_________ is used for protein synthesis, may be continuous with the outside membrane of the nucleus and have ribosomes attached

A

RER

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18
Q

____________ functions to complete post translational modification and packaging of the products of cells (primarily proteins)

A

Golgi complex

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19
Q

_________ are the site of intracellular digestion. Membrane vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes formed by the RER and the Golgi complex

A

Lysosomes

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20
Q

___________ are storage vesicles for digestive enzymes

A

Primary lysosomes

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21
Q

_________ is where the process of digestion occurs

A

Secondary lysosomes

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22
Q

____________ are indigestible material storage, lipofusion granules

A

Residual bodies

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23
Q

Lysosomes have membrane ____________ which lowers the pH to 5 and activates the acid hydrolase

A

H+ ATPase

24
Q

____________, take up of large bacterium that results in a _____

A

Phagocytosis

Phagosome

25
Q

_______ uptake of liquid/fluid resulting in an _______

A

Pinocytosis

Endosome

26
Q

_________ smooth ER surrounds the organelle to form a membrane bound sac called ________

A

Autophagy

Autophagosome

27
Q

_________ AKA microbodies contain D and L amino oxidase and Hydroxacid oxidase (enzymes important in reducing oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

28
Q

_______ contain catalase to protect the cell from H2O2

A

Peroxisomes

29
Q

_______ composed of mRNA and 80 different proteins, are synthesized in the nucleus and function in protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

30
Q

________ function in protein synthesis and are basophils

A

Ribosomes

31
Q

Describe the euk ribosomes

A

80 S ribosome; 60S subunit and a 40 S subunit

32
Q

_______ subunit in the euk ribosome contains the catalase enzyme for peptide bond formation

A

60S

33
Q

What is the function of the 40S subunit of the 80 S ribosome?

A

Bind mRNA

34
Q

_______ is composed of alpha and beta tubulin proteins

A

Microtubule

35
Q

______ subunits per microtubule

A

13

36
Q

Where is the MTOC (microtubular organzing center) found in?

A

Basal bodies, centrioles, and centromeres

37
Q

________ composed of microtubule arranged in 9 pairs of triplets. The triplets are held together by protein links

A

Centrioles

38
Q

Centriole duplication occurs during ______ of interphase

A

S phase

39
Q

_________ are made up of 9 pairs or doublets around a central tubule

A

Cilia and flagella

40
Q

In cilia and flagella adjacent doublets are joined together by _______ and to the central sheath by _________

A

Nexins

Radial spokes

41
Q

Arms from a tubule in cilia and flagella are _______, these have ATPase associated with them

A

Dynien

42
Q

What is an axoneme for cilia and flagella

A

9 + 2

43
Q

What is the central pair of microtubules surrounded by?

A

Central sheath

44
Q

_________ are made up of actin

A

Microfilaments

45
Q

_____ are found in a thin sheath beneath the cell membranes near organelles and forms the cleavage furrow during mitosis

A

Microfilaments

46
Q

Along the lateral aspect of membranes are protein fibers called ___________

A

Fibrous lamina

47
Q

____________ are present and not blocked by the fibrous lamina on the nuclear membrane.

A

Nuclear pores

48
Q

The ________ is rich in RNA and proteins

A

Nucleolus

49
Q

The nucleolus is made up of what three regions?

A

Nucleolar Organizing DNA

Pars Fibrosa

Pars granulosa

50
Q

The nucleolar organizing DNA does what

A

Codes for the RNA

51
Q

Pars Fibrosa are found where and have what function?

A

Transcripts of the RNA = proteins

Found on the outside of the nucleolus

52
Q

What is the function and location of the pars granulosa

A

Where mature ribosomes are stored

Found in the inside of the nucleolus

53
Q

_________ is dark staining, visible and nonfunctional chromatin

A

Heterochromatin

54
Q

_________ is light staining, invisible, and functional chromatin

A

Euchromatin

55
Q

Chromatin is bound to proteins, ________

A

Histones

56
Q

DNA plus histones (___,___,___, and________) form a nucleosome and are held together by _____ histones

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

H1

57
Q

6 nucleosomes form a _______, which forms loops, which forms a chromosome

A

Solenoid

Histology (3 decks)

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