Cytology

Question 1

What does anatomy mean?

Answer 1

Study of structure

Question 2

What does physiology mean?

Answer 2

The study of how the body parts work.

Question 3

What is pathology?

Answer 3

Study of abnormalities from normal function.

Question 4

What are the 6 characteristics of life?

Answer 4

Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, reproduction, growth, differentiation.

Question 5

What is homeostasis?

Answer 5

The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment maintained by the body’s own regulatory process. Dynamic and ever changing but remaining in narrow limits.

Question 6

What are some examples of negative feedback?

Answer 6

Increased blood pressure, temperature, pH

Question 7

What is negative feedback?

Answer 7

The effector decreases the effect of the original stimulus restoring homeostasis

Question 8

What is positive feedback?

Answer 8

The ability to amplify or increase the original stimulus.

Question 9

What are some examples of positive feedback?

Answer 9

Childbirth, milk production, blood clotting, immunity, enzymes reactions.

Question 10

What are the four main body cavities?

Answer 10

Cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

Question 11

What is the cytosol?

Answer 11

Basic watery fluid of the cell.

Question 12

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 12

Cell content excluding nucleus. Include organelles and cytosol.

Question 13

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Answer 13

Ion channels to transport substance, carriers to transport larger substance, immunological identifier to help identify foreign cells or for blood groups, receptors for hormones.

Question 14

What is the nucleolus for?

Answer 14

Produces RNA

Question 15

What is a Histone?

Answer 15

DNA could around proteins, there are histones

Question 16

What is the cytoskeletons?

Answer 16

Network of protein filaments that extends through the cytosol.

Question 17

What is the cytoskeletons made up of and what is their function?

Answer 17

Microfilaments - generate movement and provide support at the edge of the cell
Microtubules - larger and assembled in centrosome (near nucleus and for cell division)

Question 18

What are cristae?

Answer 18

Inner membrane with a series of folds inside the mitochondria creating a large surface area

Question 19

What is the function of rough ER?

Answer 19

Has ribosomes on it for synthesising and transporting proteins.

Question 20

What is smooth ER?

Answer 20

No ribosomes, synthesises lipids and steroid hormones

Question 21

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 21

Modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins from rough ER. Has flattened membraneous sacs called cisternae.

Question 22

What are the cause of mutations?

Answer 22

Chance (spontaneous mutation) and induced by mutagenic agents

Question 23

How is protein synthesised?

Answer 23

Transcription - DNA is copied into mRNA, this travel out of nucleus to rough ER
Translation - ribosomes read mRNA and it is converted into a chain of amino acids forming protein.

Question 24

What factors affect diffusion rate?

Answer 24

Steepness of gradient, temperature, mass and SA

Question 25

What is endocytosis?

Answer 25

Particles engulfed and enclosed by extensions from the membrane and cytoplasm.

Question 26

What is exocytosis?

Answer 26

Removal of waste out of the cell