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Lab 4 > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cytology?

A

The microscopic exam of calls that have been collected from the body.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of cytology?

A

To indicate the cause for an abnormal proliferation of cells.

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3
Q

The reproduction or multiplication of similar forms, especially cells. Mean?

A

Proliferation

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4
Q

What term is used when there is an introduction of a needle into any body cavity or organ in order to remove fluids?

A

Centesis

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5
Q

What is exfoliative cytology?

A

The study of cells from body surface.

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6
Q

Exfoliative cytology refers to what? Name each?

A

Cells present in body fluid.
Cerebrospinal fluid
Peritoneal fluid
Pleural fluid
Synovial fluid
Mucosal surface (trachea and vagina)
Secretions (semen and prostatic fluid, milk)

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7
Q

Histology samples are fixed in?

A

10% buffered formalin

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8
Q

Transtracheal washings are used to provide?

A

A differential diagnosis of inflammation, neoplasia, bacterial and protozoal diseases (pulmonary disease).

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9
Q

What are 2 different techniques for transtracheal washings that may be used?

A

Percutaneous and endotracheal.

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10
Q

What is a disadvantage of scrapings?

A

Only collects superficial samples.

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11
Q

Transudate fluid accumulates in tissues outside the blood vessels and can cause what?

A

Edema

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12
Q

What is the difference between transudate and exudate?
(Transudate)

A

Filters out protein and cellular elements.
Veins and capillaries force fluid through.
In tissue outside of blood vessels cause edema.
Low protein and specific gravity <2.5g/dl.

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13
Q

What is the difference between transudate and exudate?
(Exudate)

A

Rich in protein and cells.
Permits passage of large molecules and solid matter.
High protein content with cells, and higher specific gravity >2.5g/dl.

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14
Q

T or F. Transudates are caused by disturbances of hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure, not by inflammation.

A

True

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15
Q

What colour is chyle (fat with lymph fluid) after centrifugation?

A

pink or peach

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16
Q

Transudate specific gravity is? And exudate is?

A

<1.017,
>1.017

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17
Q

Exfoliative cytology- neutrophils resemble? Or show what characteristics?

A

Neuts in peripheral blood, or show…
- Hypersegmented neuts
- Pyknosis - condensed nucleus
- Karyolysis - loss of nuclear membrane
- Karyorrhexis - fragmented nucleus

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18
Q

Exfoliative cytology - plasma cells are?

A

Oval cells with eccentric nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm, - leukocyte that has differentiated to an antibody secreting.

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19
Q

Cytology of inflammation may be classified as?

A

Purulent, Pyogranulomatous, Granulomatous or eosinophilic.

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20
Q

Purulent inflammation? type? Greater than? May also be present?

A

Acute inflammation
Most common type of inflammation, usually bacterial.
70% of Neutrophils
Small numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes.

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21
Q

What do you classify 25-50% macrophages and 50-75% neutrophils?

A

Pyogranulomatous

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22
Q

What do you classify <75% mononuclear cells (agranulocytes) with few neutrophils?

A

Granulomatous

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23
Q

What does neoplastic mean?

A

Neo = New, Plasia = formation

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24
Q

What do neoplastic lumps normally contain?

A

Homogeneous populations of a single cell type. Can sometimes have a neoplastic area with some inflammation. Once determined to be neoplastic, evaluate cells for the presence of malignant characteristics.

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25
Q

Neoplastic tissue includes?

A

Cysts, Hyperplasia, Dysplasia, Hematoma, Seroma, Adipocytes, Salivary mucocele.

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26
Q

How many main types of cysts are there? What is each name?

A

4, Retention, Exudation, Embryonic, Parasitic.

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27
Q

Retention cysts are due to?

A

Blocked ducts

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28
Q

Exudation cyst is?

A

Slow seepage of an exudate into a closed cavity.

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29
Q

Exudate means?

A

Inflammation

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30
Q

What cyst usually disappears before birth?

A

Embryonic cyst

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31
Q

Parasitic cyst form around? And are?

A

Some larval parasites. Tapeworm, protozoa.

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32
Q

What does Hyperplasia mean?

A

Hyper = above normal, Plasia = formation (referring to cells)

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33
Q

What is seroma?

A

A pocket of clear serous fluid that sometimes develops in the body after surgery.

34
Q

Adipocytes are?

A

Cells specialized for the storage of fat.

35
Q

Where is Adipocytes fat stored?

A

Large cytoplasmic vesicle

36
Q

Lypoma means?

A

Fatty lumps

37
Q

What is Salivary Mucocele?

A

Caused by injury. Saliva goes into subcutaneous tissue following injury to a salivary gland or duct.

38
Q

T or F. Salivary Mucocele is the same as a retention cyst.

A

false

39
Q

Neoplasia can be?

A

Malignant or benign.

40
Q

Malignant neoplasia is characterized by?

A

Morphological changes in cytoplasm and nucleus.

41
Q

How many Morphological changes must be seen before determining malignancy?

A

Minimum 3, preferably 5.

42
Q

What is abnormal variation in size called?

A

Anisocytosis

43
Q

What is abnormally large in size called?

A

Macrocytosis

44
Q

Abnormal increase in the number of cells present is called?

A

Hypercellularity

45
Q

Pleomorphism is?

A

Except lymphoid tissue

46
Q

Anisokaryosis is?

A

Variation in nuclear size.

47
Q

Round cell tumors include?

A

Histiocytoma, Lymphoma, Mast cell tumor, Plasma cell tumors, Transmissible venereal tumors, Melanoma.

48
Q

Malignant neoplasia should be further characterized by?

A

Origin of tissue cells present

49
Q

Malignant epithelial cell tumors are?

A

Carcinoma

50
Q

Mesenchymal cell tumors are?

A

Sarcoma

51
Q

Histiocytoma is?

A

Tumor containing histiocytes, (Macrophage is connective tissue).

52
Q

Lymphoma is?

A

Neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue.

53
Q

A benign local aggregation of most cells forming a nodular tumor that occurs in the skin of most species is?

A

Mast cell tumor

54
Q

Mast cell tumors are most common in?

A

Dogs

55
Q

Mast cells are from?

A

Bone Marrow

56
Q

Mast cells contain?

A

Granules that contain histamine, heparin, (Plays role in hypersensitivity).

57
Q

What secrete antibodies and invade the bone marrow?

A

Plasma cell tumor

58
Q

Melanoma is?

A

Tumor arising from melanocytes

59
Q

Melanoma is common in?

A

Skin, eye and oral cavity.

60
Q

Melanoma is characterized by?

A

Cells with prominent dark black granules.

61
Q

Lymph nodes neoplasia shows?

A

Abnormal nuclear features.

62
Q

Lymph nodes Metastasis is?

A

Cells from other body tissues that spread to lymph nodes.

63
Q

What is the purpose of vaginal cytology?

A

To determine optimum breeding time, presence of pathogens, neoplastic processes.

64
Q

Increased number of neutrophils in a vaginal cytology may indicate?

A

Vaginitis, Pyometra, Metritis

65
Q

What are the vaginal cytology cell types?

A

Basal, Parabasal, Intermediate, Superficial, Neutrophils, Erythrocytes, Bacteria.

66
Q

Basal cells are?

A

Small
The youngest cell
The deepest cell
Uniform

67
Q

What happens as Basal cells mature?

A

It changes shape and size

68
Q

Parabasal cells are?

A

Uniform in shape
More cytoplasm than basal
Little bigger than basal

69
Q

Intermediate cells are?

A

Twice the size of parabasal
Cytoplasm becomes irregular
Cell may appear folded

70
Q

An intermediate cell is also known as?

A

Superficial cell.

71
Q

If the nuclei become pyknotic, fade, or disappear what is it?

A

Cornified cell

72
Q

How many stages of estrus are there? Name them.

A

Anestrus, Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus.

73
Q

What do you see in the Anestrus stage?

A

Mainly non cornified squamous epithelial cells
Basophilic cytoplasm
Intermediate or parabasal cells
Some neutrophils
No erythrocytes

74
Q

What do you see in the early-mid proestrus stage?

A

Mixture of parabasal, intermediate and superficial cells with neutrophils and erythrocytes present.

75
Q

What do you see in the late proestrus stage?

A

Decrease in number of neutrophils
Decrease in erythrocytes
Increase in bacteria and intermediate cells

76
Q

What do you see in the estrus stage?

A

All superficial and cornified
Many appear to be nuclear or small pyknotic nuclei
RBCs few
Bacteria often present
Female accepts the male.

77
Q

What do you see in the Metestrus stage?

A

Parabasal and intermediate
Neutrophils increased
RBCs decreased

78
Q

T or F. Late estrus to early metestrus resemble early to mid proestrus.

A

True

79
Q

Describe Metestrus and Diestrus.
(Metestrus)

A

Occurs after estrus.
Discharge has decreased.
No longer attracts males.
Non-cornified squamous epithelial cells.
Neutrophils decrease erythrocytes are absent.

80
Q

Describe Metestrus and Diestrus.
(Diestrus)

A

Occurs after estrus.
No longer receptive to males.
All cells are non - cornified.
Without WBCs. Sometimes termed late estrus.

Lab 4 (1 decks)

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