Cytology Flashcards
What is cytology?
The microscopic exam of calls that have been collected from the body.
What is the purpose of cytology?
To indicate the cause for an abnormal proliferation of cells.
The reproduction or multiplication of similar forms, especially cells. Mean?
Proliferation
What term is used when there is an introduction of a needle into any body cavity or organ in order to remove fluids?
Centesis
What is exfoliative cytology?
The study of cells from body surface.
Exfoliative cytology refers to what? Name each?
Cells present in body fluid.
Cerebrospinal fluid
Peritoneal fluid
Pleural fluid
Synovial fluid
Mucosal surface (trachea and vagina)
Secretions (semen and prostatic fluid, milk)
Histology samples are fixed in?
10% buffered formalin
Transtracheal washings are used to provide?
A differential diagnosis of inflammation, neoplasia, bacterial and protozoal diseases (pulmonary disease).
What are 2 different techniques for transtracheal washings that may be used?
Percutaneous and endotracheal.
What is a disadvantage of scrapings?
Only collects superficial samples.
Transudate fluid accumulates in tissues outside the blood vessels and can cause what?
Edema
What is the difference between transudate and exudate?
(Transudate)
Filters out protein and cellular elements.
Veins and capillaries force fluid through.
In tissue outside of blood vessels cause edema.
Low protein and specific gravity <2.5g/dl.
What is the difference between transudate and exudate?
(Exudate)
Rich in protein and cells.
Permits passage of large molecules and solid matter.
High protein content with cells, and higher specific gravity >2.5g/dl.
T or F. Transudates are caused by disturbances of hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure, not by inflammation.
True
What colour is chyle (fat with lymph fluid) after centrifugation?
pink or peach
Transudate specific gravity is? And exudate is?
<1.017,
>1.017
Exfoliative cytology- neutrophils resemble? Or show what characteristics?
Neuts in peripheral blood, or show…
- Hypersegmented neuts
- Pyknosis - condensed nucleus
- Karyolysis - loss of nuclear membrane
- Karyorrhexis - fragmented nucleus
Exfoliative cytology - plasma cells are?
Oval cells with eccentric nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm, - leukocyte that has differentiated to an antibody secreting.
Cytology of inflammation may be classified as?
Purulent, Pyogranulomatous, Granulomatous or eosinophilic.
Purulent inflammation? type? Greater than? May also be present?
Acute inflammation
Most common type of inflammation, usually bacterial.
70% of Neutrophils
Small numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes.
What do you classify 25-50% macrophages and 50-75% neutrophils?
Pyogranulomatous
What do you classify <75% mononuclear cells (agranulocytes) with few neutrophils?
Granulomatous
What does neoplastic mean?
Neo = New, Plasia = formation
What do neoplastic lumps normally contain?
Homogeneous populations of a single cell type. Can sometimes have a neoplastic area with some inflammation. Once determined to be neoplastic, evaluate cells for the presence of malignant characteristics.
Neoplastic tissue includes?
Cysts, Hyperplasia, Dysplasia, Hematoma, Seroma, Adipocytes, Salivary mucocele.
How many main types of cysts are there? What is each name?
4, Retention, Exudation, Embryonic, Parasitic.
Retention cysts are due to?
Blocked ducts
Exudation cyst is?
Slow seepage of an exudate into a closed cavity.
Exudate means?
Inflammation
What cyst usually disappears before birth?
Embryonic cyst
Parasitic cyst form around? And are?
Some larval parasites. Tapeworm, protozoa.
What does Hyperplasia mean?
Hyper = above normal, Plasia = formation (referring to cells)
What is seroma?
A pocket of clear serous fluid that sometimes develops in the body after surgery.
Adipocytes are?
Cells specialized for the storage of fat.
Where is Adipocytes fat stored?
Large cytoplasmic vesicle
Lypoma means?
Fatty lumps
What is Salivary Mucocele?
Caused by injury. Saliva goes into subcutaneous tissue following injury to a salivary gland or duct.
T or F. Salivary Mucocele is the same as a retention cyst.
false
Neoplasia can be?
Malignant or benign.
Malignant neoplasia is characterized by?
Morphological changes in cytoplasm and nucleus.
How many Morphological changes must be seen before determining malignancy?
Minimum 3, preferably 5.
What is abnormal variation in size called?
Anisocytosis
What is abnormally large in size called?
Macrocytosis
Abnormal increase in the number of cells present is called?
Hypercellularity
Pleomorphism is?
Except lymphoid tissue
Anisokaryosis is?
Variation in nuclear size.
Round cell tumors include?
Histiocytoma, Lymphoma, Mast cell tumor, Plasma cell tumors, Transmissible venereal tumors, Melanoma.
Malignant neoplasia should be further characterized by?
Origin of tissue cells present
Malignant epithelial cell tumors are?
Carcinoma
Mesenchymal cell tumors are?
Sarcoma
Histiocytoma is?
Tumor containing histiocytes, (Macrophage is connective tissue).
Lymphoma is?
Neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue.
A benign local aggregation of most cells forming a nodular tumor that occurs in the skin of most species is?
Mast cell tumor
Mast cell tumors are most common in?
Dogs
Mast cells are from?
Bone Marrow
Mast cells contain?
Granules that contain histamine, heparin, (Plays role in hypersensitivity).
What secrete antibodies and invade the bone marrow?
Plasma cell tumor
Melanoma is?
Tumor arising from melanocytes
Melanoma is common in?
Skin, eye and oral cavity.
Melanoma is characterized by?
Cells with prominent dark black granules.
Lymph nodes neoplasia shows?
Abnormal nuclear features.
Lymph nodes Metastasis is?
Cells from other body tissues that spread to lymph nodes.
What is the purpose of vaginal cytology?
To determine optimum breeding time, presence of pathogens, neoplastic processes.
Increased number of neutrophils in a vaginal cytology may indicate?
Vaginitis, Pyometra, Metritis
What are the vaginal cytology cell types?
Basal, Parabasal, Intermediate, Superficial, Neutrophils, Erythrocytes, Bacteria.
Basal cells are?
Small
The youngest cell
The deepest cell
Uniform
What happens as Basal cells mature?
It changes shape and size
Parabasal cells are?
Uniform in shape
More cytoplasm than basal
Little bigger than basal
Intermediate cells are?
Twice the size of parabasal
Cytoplasm becomes irregular
Cell may appear folded
An intermediate cell is also known as?
Superficial cell.
If the nuclei become pyknotic, fade, or disappear what is it?
Cornified cell
How many stages of estrus are there? Name them.
Anestrus, Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus.
What do you see in the Anestrus stage?
Mainly non cornified squamous epithelial cells
Basophilic cytoplasm
Intermediate or parabasal cells
Some neutrophils
No erythrocytes
What do you see in the early-mid proestrus stage?
Mixture of parabasal, intermediate and superficial cells with neutrophils and erythrocytes present.
What do you see in the late proestrus stage?
Decrease in number of neutrophils
Decrease in erythrocytes
Increase in bacteria and intermediate cells
What do you see in the estrus stage?
All superficial and cornified
Many appear to be nuclear or small pyknotic nuclei
RBCs few
Bacteria often present
Female accepts the male.
What do you see in the Metestrus stage?
Parabasal and intermediate
Neutrophils increased
RBCs decreased
T or F. Late estrus to early metestrus resemble early to mid proestrus.
True
Describe Metestrus and Diestrus.
(Metestrus)
Occurs after estrus.
Discharge has decreased.
No longer attracts males.
Non-cornified squamous epithelial cells.
Neutrophils decrease erythrocytes are absent.
Describe Metestrus and Diestrus.
(Diestrus)
Occurs after estrus.
No longer receptive to males.
All cells are non - cornified.
Without WBCs. Sometimes termed late estrus.
