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Cytokines/GFs Flashcards

1
Q

What mediators are involved in vasodilation?

A

histamine and prostaglandins

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2
Q

What mediators are involved with increased vascular permeability?

A

histamine and serotonin

C3a, C5a (liberate vasoactive amines from mast cells)

leukotrienes C,D,E

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3
Q

What mediators are important for chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment and activation?

A

TNF, IL-1

chemokines

C3a,C5a

LTB4

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4
Q

What mediators are involved with fever production?

A

IL-1 and TNF

also: Prostaglandin E2

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5
Q

What mediators are involved with Pain?

A

PGE2, Bradykinin

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6
Q

What mediators are involved with tissue damage?

A

Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes

ROS

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7
Q

What is the function of IL-8?

A

involved with continued acute inflammation with pus

with neutrophils and macrophages

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8
Q

What is an important role of TNF and IL-1?

A

leukocyte recruitment, promotes adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium (migration through vessels)

TNF causes the heart to have low output
TNF makes it more likely for a thrombus to develop
TNF and IL-1 increase insulin resistance in skeletal muscle
TNF == hyperglycemic, hypercoaguable, low cardiac output
TNF and IL-1 also increase COX enzyme expn (increased PGs)

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9
Q

Why mediator is involved in both acute and chronic inflammation? What is its function?

A

IL-17

recruitment of other leukocytes (neutrophils and monocytes)

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10
Q

What happenss if there is decreased IL-17?

A

can lead to cold abscess (no warmth), increased bacterial and/or fungal infections, decreased chemoattractants

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11
Q

What is the role of IFNy? What is its source?

A

Source: T lymphocytes, NKC

activation of macrophages (increased ability to kill microbes and tumor cells); chronic inflammation

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12
Q

What is the role of LTC4/D4/E4?

A

increased vascular permeability and bronchospasm

increased permeability in post-cap venules

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13
Q

What inhibitor will be useful in asthma tx?

A

lipoxygenase inhibitor; inhibits Leukotriene production

ex. Zafirlukast, Montelukast

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14
Q

What is involved with the maintenance of acute inflammatory response?

A

leukotrienes (LTB4)

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15
Q

What terminates acute inflammation?

A

anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-B and IL-10)

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16
Q

What is the function of Prostacyclin?

A

PGI2; vasodilation, INHIBITOR of platelet aggregation

potentiates permeability-increasing and chemotactic effects of other mediators

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17
Q

What is the fxn of PGE2 and PGD2

A

vasodilation and INCREASES permeability of postcap venules–> edema

D2= major PG by mast cells

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18
Q

What is the fxn of thromboxane A2?

A

vasoconstriction and promotes platelet aggregation

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19
Q

What is the process of PG formation?

A

linoleic acid conversion or dietary sources–> Arachidonic Acid (by phospholipase)

AA–> PG (via COX)

20
Q

What leads to macrophage activation?

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and PGs, and chemokines

21
Q

What attracts/activates neutrophils?

A

LTB4, C5a, IL-8**, and bacterial products

22
Q

What are mast cells activated by?

A

tissue trauma, C3a/C5a, crosslinking of IgA by Ags

23
Q

What do mast cells activate/release?

A

Histamine and arachidonic acid (makes LTB4)`

24
Q

What prevents clot propagation?

A

NO, PGI2, and ADP phosphatase

25
Q

What is the function of lipoxin A4/B4?

A

Inhibition of inflammation (inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelium)`

26
Q

What do corticosteroids do?

A

broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agents that reduce the transcription of genes encoding COX-2, phospholipase A2, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF and IL-1), and iNOS

27
Q

What cytokines induce the systemic acute phase response?

A

IL1/6 and TNF (these also stimulate BM to produce leukocytes)

28
Q

What cytokine can lead to CACHEXIA?

A

TNF (suppresses appetite)

29
Q

What cytokines lead to activation of the M1 classical pathway?

A

IFN-y, and microbes

30
Q

What cytokines lead to activation of the M2 alternative pathway?

A

IL-13, IL-5, and IL-4 activate

31
Q

What does the M1 classical pathway lead to?

A

NO and ROS and lysosomal enzyme production; IL-1, IL-12, and IL-23 chemokines–> inflammation response

32
Q

What does the M2 Alternative pathway lead to?

A

GF, TGF-B==> tissue repair, fibrosis

IL-10 and TGF-B–> anti-inflammatory effects

33
Q

What cytokines are produced by Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells?

A

produce IL-2: T cell GF and activates CD8+ T cell

Produce IFN-y: activates macrophages

34
Q

What cytokines are produced by the Th2 subset of CD4+ T cells?

A

IL-4 (class switching to IgE)

IL-5 (class switching to IgA; eosinophil activation/chemotaxis)

IL-13 and IL-10 too

HELMINTHIC RXNS

35
Q

What cytokines are produced by Th17?

A

IL-17: recruit neutrophils and monocytes to rxn; defense against autoimmune diseases with Th1 (using IL-17 and TNF)

36
Q

What does IFN-y activate?

A

macrophages

37
Q

What mediates chronic inflammation?

A

cytokines produced by macrophages and lymphocytes (T cell)

38
Q

What are the most important mediators of the Acute phase response?

A

TNF, IL-1, and IL-6; Type 1 IFNs

39
Q

What role does IL-12 and IFN-y play in granuloma formation?

A

Macrophages secrete IL-12 after antigen is presented to CD4+ T cells, and so then CD4+ helper T cells can then differentiate into Th1 subtype

TH1 cells secrete IFN-y which converts macrophages to epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells

40
Q

What cytokines are involved with a left shift of neutrophils?

A

accelerated release of cells from BM post mitotic reserve pool = cause by cytokines- TNF, IL-1

rise neutrophils

cytokines cause –> septic shock (DIC, hypotensive shock, metabolic disturbance)

41
Q

What growth factors are alternatively activated (M2) macrophages the source of?

A

PDGF, FGF-2, and TGF-B

42
Q

What GFs are involved in angiogenesis?

A

VEGF and FGF-2

43
Q

What is the fxn of VEGF in angiogenesis?

A

stimulates migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and initiates capillary sprouting; promotes vasodialtion by NO production

44
Q

What is the fxn of FGF-2 in angiogenesis?

A

stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells, promotes migration of macrophages and fibroblasts to damaged area, stimulates epithelial cell migration to cover epidermal wounds

45
Q

What is the role of TGF-B in tissue regeneration/repair?

A

important fibroblast growth factor, also inhibits inflammation (inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and other leukocyte activity)

most imp’t cytokine for synthesis and deposition of CT proteins; produced by most of cells in granulation tissue (alternatively activated macrophages too)

stimulates fibroblast migration and proliferation, increased collagen and fibronectin synthesis, and decreased degradation of ECM (blocks MMP)

scar formation and fibrosis in lung, liver, kidney following chronic inflammation

46
Q

What is the major factor involved in fibrosis?

MOD1 (1 decks)

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