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Cytokines > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

IL-1 and TNF-alpha both activate what biologic pathway?

A

NF-kappaB

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2
Q

What are the products of the NF-kappaB pathway?

A 
Cytokines
Chemokines
Adhesion molecules on vascular endothelium
Nitric oxide synthase
Reactive oxygen species
Cyclooxygenases
Phospholipase A2
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3
Q

What stimuli can activate the NF-kappaB pathway?

A 
IL-1
TNF-alpha
IL-17
IL-18
Bacterial products (e.g., LPS)
Oxidants
Activators of protein kinase C
Viruses
UV radiation
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4
Q

How do glucocorticoids suppress the pro-inflammatory effects of primary cytokines?

A

Promote synthesis of IkappaBalpha, which sequesters NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm, preventing translocation to the nucleus
Upregulates expression of IL-1RA, which is a competitive receptor antagonist for IL-1
Increased expression of lipocortin, which inhibits phospholipase A2

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5
Q

What are the three subtypes of IL-1?

A

IL-1alpha
IL-1beta
IL-1RA

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6
Q

Which form of IL-1 is biologically active as synthesized?

A

IL-1alpha

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7
Q

Which form of IL-1 requires enzymatic activation?

A

IL-1beta

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8
Q

What enzyme activates the form of IL-1 requiring enzymatic activation?

A

Caspase 1

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9
Q

What is IL-1RA?

A

Competitive inhibitor for IL-1

“Dummy” IL-1

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10
Q

IL-1alpha is produced predominantly in what cells?

A

Epithelial cells, including keratinocytes

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11
Q

IL-1beta is produced predominantly in what cells?

A

Monocytes, macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells

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12
Q

Which form of IL-1 is most important for development of a contact hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IL-1alpha

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13
Q

What is main cellular source of TNF-alpha?

A

Activated macrophages

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14
Q

What cells produce IL-18?

A

Keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, monocytes

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15
Q

What interleukin works synergistically with IL-18?

A

IL-12

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16
Q

IL-18 induces proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production by what types of cells?

A

Th1 cells and natural killer cells

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17
Q

What are two principal cellular responses to TNF?

A

Gene transcription of mediators of inflammation

Apoptosis

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18
Q

What signaling pathway triggers synthesis of chemokines?

A

NF-kappaB

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19
Q

What are the Th1 cytokines?

A

IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IFN-gamma

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20
Q

What are the Th2 cytokines?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-31

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21
Q

What is the function of IL-10?

A

Inhibits T cells and macrophages
Inhibits Th1 cell and NK cell function
Suppresses IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-12, IFN-gamma
Inhibits costimulation of MHC II

22
Q

What cytokines are most important for the innate immune response?

A

IL-1 and TNF-alpha

23
Q

What is the major function of IL-2?

A

T-cell growth factor

24
Q

What cytokines mimics IL-2?

A

IL-7

25
Q

What are functions of IL-2?

A

T-cell growth factor
Upregulates T cell functions
Activates NK cells, macrophages, B cells

26
Q

How does IL-2 affect T cells?

A

Induces cell cycle from G1 to S phase
Induces Bcl-2 (anti-apoptosis)
Up-regulates IL-2 receptors on T-cells
Stimulates IFN-gamma production

27
Q

How does IL-2 affect NK cells?

A

Promotes differentiation

28
Q

How does IL-2 affect B cells?

A

Promotes antibody synthesis

29
Q

What is the nickname for IL-12?

A

Lethal assassin cytokine

30
Q

IL-12 favors what type of T-cell response?

A

Th1

31
Q

What are functions of IL-12?

A

Stimulates IFN-gamma by NK cells, T-cells
Differentiation towards Th1 cells
Suppresses IL-4 and IgE
Enhances cytolytic functions of activated NK cells and CD8+ cytolytic T-cells

32
Q

What cytokine is essential for growth and differentiation of eosinophils?

A

IL-5?

33
Q

What cells produce IL-5?

A

CD4+ Th2 cells

Mast cells

34
Q

What chemokine attracts eosinophils?

A

Eotaxin

35
Q

What are functions of IL-4?

A 
Promotes IgE production by B-cells
Down-regulates IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma
Mast cell growth factor
Promotes FCERI on mast cells
Th2 polarization
36
Q

What is the nickname for IL-5?

A

Eosinophil growth factor

37
Q

What is the major effect of IL-10?

A

Anti-inflammatory

38
Q

What interleukin has similar functions as IL-4?

A

IL-13

39
Q

How does IL-13 function differ from IL-4?

A

Doesn’t cause Th2 polarization

40
Q

What cells produce IL-31?

A

Th2 cells

41
Q

What cytokine causes pruritus?

A

IL-31

42
Q

What cytokine is induced by IL-18?

A

IFN-gamma

43
Q

What are the type I interferons?

A

IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

44
Q

What is the type II interferon?

A

IFN-gamma

45
Q

What are the major sources of IFN-gamma?

A

NK cells
CD8+ T cells
Th1 CD4+ T cells

46
Q

What interleukin acts as a chemokine?

A

IL-8

47
Q

What cytokines stimulate epidermal growth?

A

IL-1alpha
IL-6
IL-8

48
Q

How does IL-1alpha affect epidermal growth?

A

Autocrine stimulating of epidermal growth

49
Q

How does IL-6 affected epidermal growth? What cells produce this cytokine?

A

Produced by macrophages and keratinocytes

Stimulates keratinocyte proliferation

50
Q

How does IL-8 affect epidermal growth and what cells produce this cytokine?

A

Produced by fibroblasts, lymphocytes, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, monocytes, and keratinocytes
Stimulates keratinocyte mitosis
Also recruits neutrophils and lymphocytes

Cytokines (1 decks)

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