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Host response to biomaterials > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation: recruitment and activation

A

IL-b
IL-1b

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2
Q

Communication with T cellls
/ macropahes switch phenotypes under influence of T cells and mast cells

A

IL 4
IL 13
IFNy

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3
Q

Communication and activation of fibroblasts (initiate repair)

A

TGF B
PDGF
MMPS

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4
Q

Which cytokines are released by resident macrophages in the affected tissue to cause the endothelial cells to Express cellular adhesion molecules?

A

IL 1
TNF a
Chemokines

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5
Q

Attract monocytes

A

MCP 1
MIP B

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6
Q

Mobilize & attract neutrophils

A

IL 8

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7
Q

Pro inflammatory and attempt phagocytosis

A

TNF a
IL 1b
IL 6
MCP 1

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8
Q

FBGCs/ macrophages fusion are stimulated by

A

IL 4
IL 13

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9
Q

IFN y

A

Pro inflammation

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10
Q

Il 4

A

More reparayive state

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11
Q

IL 10

A

Anti inflammatory

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12
Q

Stimuli for NETosis

A

PMA
IL 8
IL 1b
TNF a

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13
Q

M1 is stimulated by

A

IFN y
TNF

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14
Q

M2 is stimulated by

A

IL 4
IL 10
IL 13

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15
Q

Inflammasome activates the cytokines

A

IL 1b
IL 18
(Pro inflammatory and pro fibrotic)

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16
Q

LPS/IFN y leads to …. leads to …
IL-4/ IL-13 leads to … leads to

A

LPS/IFN y leads to iNOS leads to M1
IL-4/ IL-13 leads to ArgI leads to M2

17
Q

When stimulated with LPS, macrophages with disrupted actin fibers show …

A

Reduced IL 6 secretion

18
Q

To test the host response to a new non-degradable metallic implant material, we implant it under the skin of rats. We explant samples at various time points and analyze the tissue around the implant for the presence of signaling factors. Which signaling factors are expected to be predominantly found after 1 day of implantation?
IFN-y, IL-13, TGF- β
MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-8
VEGF, TNF-a, IL-12
IL-10, PDGF, MMP-9

A

MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-8 (at day 1 you would expect cytokines characteristics of acute inflammation).

19
Q

Which of the following cytokine cocktails promotes M2 polarization?
IL-4/IL-13
IFN-y/LPS
IL-1β/IL-18
IL-10/TNF-a

A

IL-4/IL-13

20
Q

Which of the following cytokine cocktails promotes macrophage fusion?
IL-4/IL-13
IFN-y/LPS
IL-1β/IL-18
IL-10/TNF-a

A

IL-4/IL-13 (so M2 polarizers also promote fusion, exact relation between polarization and fusion is not known).

21
Q

‘Opsonization’ is?
Histamine release by mast cells to promote inflammation
Migration of immune cells from the vasculature to damage
Adsorption of complement onto a biomaterial
Dynamic changes in the protein layer on a biomaterial

A

Adsorption of complement onto a biomaterial

22
Q

The inflammasome is triggered by?
Complement recognition
Interleukin-1 presence
Epigenetic changes in the cell
Intracellular damage

A

Intracellular damage (intracellular danger signals are recognized by intracellular PRRs)

23
Q

Which protein activates the extrinsic coagulation cascade?
Factor X
Thrombin
Factor XII
Tissue Factor

A

Tissue Factor

24
Q

Which of the following cytokines is most important for the resolution (inhibitation) of inflammation?
IL-10 (interleukin-10)
TNF-a (tumor necrosis factor-)
IFN-y (interferon-)
IL-1β (interleukin-1β)

A

IL-10 (interleukin-10)

25
Q

Which of the following is an example of PAMPs?
Heat shock proteins (HSP)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
Extracellular matrix fragments
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (PAMPs= pathogen-associated molecular patterns, LPS is a bacterial wall fragment).

26
Q

When stimulated with LPS, macrophages with disrupted actin fibers show:
reduced TNF- secretion
reduced Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression
reduced IL-6 secretion
reduced NFB expression

A

reduced IL-6 secretion

(disruption of actin ploymerization does not affect recognition of the LPS by the TLR-4, the subsequent activation of NFkB and the resulting secretion of TNFa (which is a very fast response). Is does affect secretion of cytokines in the later response, such as IL-6 and IL-1b, which are dependent on actin polymerization).

27
Q

Upon activation by a biomaterial neutrophils can release Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in a process called NETosis. The NETs can cover the biomaterial, priming it for downstream inflammatory processes. What is the main component of NETs?
opsonins
cytokines
DNA
extracellular matrix

A

DNA

28
Q

Hyperacute rejection of an implant is typically caused by?

A

Antibodies

Host response to biomaterials (10 decks)

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