Cytokines Flashcards
Inflammation: recruitment and activation
IL-b
IL-1b
Communication with T cellls
/ macropahes switch phenotypes under influence of T cells and mast cells
IL 4
IL 13
IFNy
Communication and activation of fibroblasts (initiate repair)
TGF B
PDGF
MMPS
Which cytokines are released by resident macrophages in the affected tissue to cause the endothelial cells to Express cellular adhesion molecules?
IL 1
TNF a
Chemokines
Attract monocytes
MCP 1
MIP B
Mobilize & attract neutrophils
IL 8
Pro inflammatory and attempt phagocytosis
TNF a
IL 1b
IL 6
MCP 1
FBGCs/ macrophages fusion are stimulated by
IL 4
IL 13
IFN y
Pro inflammation
Il 4
More reparayive state
IL 10
Anti inflammatory
Stimuli for NETosis
PMA
IL 8
IL 1b
TNF a
M1 is stimulated by
IFN y
TNF
M2 is stimulated by
IL 4
IL 10
IL 13
Inflammasome activates the cytokines
IL 1b
IL 18
(Pro inflammatory and pro fibrotic)
LPS/IFN y leads to …. leads to …
IL-4/ IL-13 leads to … leads to
LPS/IFN y leads to iNOS leads to M1
IL-4/ IL-13 leads to ArgI leads to M2
When stimulated with LPS, macrophages with disrupted actin fibers show …
Reduced IL 6 secretion
To test the host response to a new non-degradable metallic implant material, we implant it under the skin of rats. We explant samples at various time points and analyze the tissue around the implant for the presence of signaling factors. Which signaling factors are expected to be predominantly found after 1 day of implantation?
IFN-y, IL-13, TGF- β
MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-8
VEGF, TNF-a, IL-12
IL-10, PDGF, MMP-9
MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-8 (at day 1 you would expect cytokines characteristics of acute inflammation).
Which of the following cytokine cocktails promotes M2 polarization?
IL-4/IL-13
IFN-y/LPS
IL-1β/IL-18
IL-10/TNF-a
IL-4/IL-13
Which of the following cytokine cocktails promotes macrophage fusion?
IL-4/IL-13
IFN-y/LPS
IL-1β/IL-18
IL-10/TNF-a
IL-4/IL-13 (so M2 polarizers also promote fusion, exact relation between polarization and fusion is not known).
‘Opsonization’ is?
Histamine release by mast cells to promote inflammation
Migration of immune cells from the vasculature to damage
Adsorption of complement onto a biomaterial
Dynamic changes in the protein layer on a biomaterial
Adsorption of complement onto a biomaterial
The inflammasome is triggered by?
Complement recognition
Interleukin-1 presence
Epigenetic changes in the cell
Intracellular damage
Intracellular damage (intracellular danger signals are recognized by intracellular PRRs)
Which protein activates the extrinsic coagulation cascade?
Factor X
Thrombin
Factor XII
Tissue Factor
Tissue Factor
Which of the following cytokines is most important for the resolution (inhibitation) of inflammation?
IL-10 (interleukin-10)
TNF-a (tumor necrosis factor-)
IFN-y (interferon-)
IL-1β (interleukin-1β)
IL-10 (interleukin-10)
Which of the following is an example of PAMPs?
Heat shock proteins (HSP)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
Extracellular matrix fragments
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (PAMPs= pathogen-associated molecular patterns, LPS is a bacterial wall fragment).
When stimulated with LPS, macrophages with disrupted actin fibers show:
reduced TNF- secretion
reduced Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression
reduced IL-6 secretion
reduced NFB expression
reduced IL-6 secretion
(disruption of actin ploymerization does not affect recognition of the LPS by the TLR-4, the subsequent activation of NFkB and the resulting secretion of TNFa (which is a very fast response). Is does affect secretion of cytokines in the later response, such as IL-6 and IL-1b, which are dependent on actin polymerization).
Upon activation by a biomaterial neutrophils can release Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in a process called NETosis. The NETs can cover the biomaterial, priming it for downstream inflammatory processes. What is the main component of NETs?
opsonins
cytokines
DNA
extracellular matrix
DNA
Hyperacute rejection of an implant is typically caused by?
Antibodies
