Cytokines

Question 1

Inflammation: recruitment and activation

Answer 1

IL-b
IL-1b

Question 2

Communication with T cellls
/ macropahes switch phenotypes under influence of T cells and mast cells

Answer 2

IL 4
IL 13
IFNy

Question 3

Communication and activation of fibroblasts (initiate repair)

Answer 3

TGF B
PDGF
MMPS

Question 4

Which cytokines are released by resident macrophages in the affected tissue to cause the endothelial cells to Express cellular adhesion molecules?

Answer 4

IL 1
TNF a
Chemokines

Question 5

Attract monocytes

Answer 5

MCP 1
MIP B

Question 6

Mobilize & attract neutrophils

Answer 6

IL 8

Question 7

Pro inflammatory and attempt phagocytosis

Answer 7

TNF a
IL 1b
IL 6
MCP 1

Question 8

FBGCs/ macrophages fusion are stimulated by

Answer 8

IL 4
IL 13

Question 9

IFN y

Answer 9

Pro inflammation

Question 10

Il 4

Answer 10

More reparayive state

Question 11

IL 10

Answer 11

Anti inflammatory

Question 12

Stimuli for NETosis

Answer 12

PMA
IL 8
IL 1b
TNF a

Question 13

M1 is stimulated by

Answer 13

IFN y
TNF

Question 14

M2 is stimulated by

Answer 14

IL 4
IL 10
IL 13

Question 15

Inflammasome activates the cytokines

Answer 15

IL 1b
IL 18
(Pro inflammatory and pro fibrotic)

Question 16

LPS/IFN y leads to …. leads to …
IL-4/ IL-13 leads to … leads to

Answer 16

LPS/IFN y leads to iNOS leads to M1
IL-4/ IL-13 leads to ArgI leads to M2

Question 17

When stimulated with LPS, macrophages with disrupted actin fibers show …

Answer 17

Reduced IL 6 secretion

Question 18

To test the host response to a new non-degradable metallic implant material, we implant it under the skin of rats. We explant samples at various time points and analyze the tissue around the implant for the presence of signaling factors. Which signaling factors are expected to be predominantly found after 1 day of implantation?
IFN-y, IL-13, TGF- β
MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-8
VEGF, TNF-a, IL-12
IL-10, PDGF, MMP-9

Answer 18

MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-8 (at day 1 you would expect cytokines characteristics of acute inflammation).

Question 19

Which of the following cytokine cocktails promotes M2 polarization?
IL-4/IL-13
IFN-y/LPS
IL-1β/IL-18
IL-10/TNF-a

Answer 19

IL-4/IL-13

Question 20

Which of the following cytokine cocktails promotes macrophage fusion?
IL-4/IL-13
IFN-y/LPS
IL-1β/IL-18
IL-10/TNF-a

Answer 20

IL-4/IL-13 (so M2 polarizers also promote fusion, exact relation between polarization and fusion is not known).

Question 21

‘Opsonization’ is?
Histamine release by mast cells to promote inflammation
Migration of immune cells from the vasculature to damage
Adsorption of complement onto a biomaterial
Dynamic changes in the protein layer on a biomaterial

Answer 21

Adsorption of complement onto a biomaterial

Question 22

The inflammasome is triggered by?
Complement recognition
Interleukin-1 presence
Epigenetic changes in the cell
Intracellular damage

Answer 22

Intracellular damage (intracellular danger signals are recognized by intracellular PRRs)

Question 23

Which protein activates the extrinsic coagulation cascade?
Factor X
Thrombin
Factor XII
Tissue Factor

Answer 23

Tissue Factor

Question 24

Which of the following cytokines is most important for the resolution (inhibitation) of inflammation?
IL-10 (interleukin-10)
TNF-a (tumor necrosis factor-)
IFN-y (interferon-)
IL-1β (interleukin-1β)

Answer 24

IL-10 (interleukin-10)

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of PAMPs? Heat shock proteins (HSP) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Extracellular matrix fragments Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Answer 25

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (PAMPs= pathogen-associated molecular patterns, LPS is a bacterial wall fragment).

Question 26

When stimulated with LPS, macrophages with disrupted actin fibers show: reduced TNF- secretion reduced Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression reduced IL-6 secretion reduced NFB expression

Answer 26

reduced IL-6 secretion (disruption of actin ploymerization does not affect recognition of the LPS by the TLR-4, the subsequent activation of NFkB and the resulting secretion of TNFa (which is a very fast response). Is does affect secretion of cytokines in the later response, such as IL-6 and IL-1b, which are dependent on actin polymerization).

Question 27

Upon activation by a biomaterial neutrophils can release Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in a process called NETosis. The NETs can cover the biomaterial, priming it for downstream inflammatory processes. What is the main component of NETs? opsonins cytokines DNA extracellular matrix

Answer 27

DNA

Question 28

Hyperacute rejection of an implant is typically caused by?

Answer 28

Antibodies