Cytokines

Question 1

Principal cell sources of TNF

Answer 1

• Macrophages
• T cells
• Mast Cells

Question 2

Cellular targets of TNF & biological effects

Answer 2

Proinflammatory (fever, APPs)

• Arthalgia/myalgia
• Endothelial cells: activation (inflammation)
• Neutrophils: activation
• Many cell types: Apoptosis

Question 3

Principal cell source of IL-1

Answer 3

• Macrophages
• Dendritic cells
• Mast cells
• Endothelial cells

Question 4

Cellular targets of IL-1 & biological effects

Answer 4

Proinflammatory (fever, induction of APPs)

• Upregulate expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM1, ICAM1, P/E selectins)
• Endothelial cells: activation (inflammation)
• T cells: Th17 differentiation

Question 5

Principal cell source of chemokines

Answer 5

• Macrophages
• Dendritic cells
• T lymphocytes
• Fibroblasts
• Endothelial cells
• Platelets

Question 6

Cellular targets of chemokines & biological effects

Answer 6

• Leukocytes (NK cells, T cells, B cells): increased integrin affinity, chemotaxis, activation

Question 7

Principal cell source of IL-12

Answer 7

• Macrophages

- Dendritic cells

Question 8

Cellular targets of IL-12 & biological effects

Answer 8

• NK cells & T cells: IFN-γ production, increased cytotoxic activity
• T cells: differentiation of CD4 cell into TH1 cells

Question 9

Principal cell source of IFN-γ

Answer 9

• NK cells

- T lymphocytes

Question 10

Cellular targets of INF-γ & biological effects

Answer 10

• Activation phagocytosis of macrophages

- Produced by TH1 cells

Question 11

Principal cell source of IFN-α (type 1 IFN)

Answer 11

• Dendritic cells

- Macrophages

Question 12

Principal cell source of IFN-β (type 1 IFN)

Answer 12

• Fibroblasts

Question 13

Cellular targets of type 1 IFNs & biological effects

Answer 13

SECRETED BY INFECTED CELLS/MACROPHAGES

• Render anti-viral resistance in healthy cells
• Inhibits viral replication
• Increased class 1 MHC expression
• NK cells: activation

Question 14

Principal cell source of IL-10

Answer 14

• Macrophages
• Dendritic cells
• T cells

Question 15

Cellular targets of IL-10 & biological effects

Answer 15

Anti-inflammatory
- Macrophages & dendritic cells: inhibition of cytokine and chemokine production, reduced expression of co-stimulants and class 2 MHC molecules

Question 16

Principal cell source of IL-6

Answer 16

• Macrophages
• Mast cells
• T cells
• Endothelial cells

Question 17

Cellular targets of IL-6 & biological effects

Answer 17

Proinflammatory (fever, APPs)

• Upregulate expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM1, VCAM1, P/E Selectins)
• B cells: proliferation of antibody-producing cells

Question 18

Principal cell source of IL-15

Answer 18

• Macrophages

Question 19

Cellular targets of IL-15 & biological effects

Answer 19

• NK cells: proliferation

- T cells: proliferation

Question 20

Principal cell source of IL-18

Answer 20

• Macrophages

Question 21

Cellular targets of IL-18 & biological effects

Answer 21

• NK cells & T cells: IFN-γ synthesis

Question 22

Principal cell source of TNF-β

Answer 22

• Many cell types

Question 23

Cellular targets of TNF-β & biological effects

Answer 23

• Inhibition of inflammation T cells

Question 24

Chemokine that interacts with receptor on neutrophils to induce conformational changes in neutrophils’ LFA-1 and VLA-4 integrins

Chemokine that attracts neutrophils to site of infection

Answer 24

IL-8

Question 25

Chemokine that interacts with receptor on monocytes to induce conformational changes in monocytes' LFA-1 and VLA-4 integrins Chemokine that attracts monocytes to site of infection

Answer 25

MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1)

Question 26

What are the anti-inflammatory cytokines of innate immunity?

Answer 26

- IL-10 - TNF-β - IL-4 - sIL-IRA (IL-1 receptor antagonist)

Question 27

What are the proinflammatory cytokines?

Answer 27

- IL-6 - IL-1 - TNF-α

Question 28

What controls the development of TH2 cells?

Answer 28

IL-4

Question 29

What stimulates the proliferation of NK cells?

Answer 29

IL-15

Question 30

Principal cell source of IL-2

Answer 30

TH1 cells

Question 31

What is the role of IL-2?

Answer 31

- Required for strong proliferation of virus specific CTLs | - Works with INF-α to increase resistance of CTLs to apoptosis

Question 32

What are the 4 cytokines released by macrophages?

Answer 32

- TNF-α - IL-1 - IL-6 - IL-18

Question 33

What is the result of a transient rise in TNF-α?

Answer 33

Shock

Question 34

INF-γ treated macrophages increase the production of:

Answer 34

- Proinflammatory cytokines - Reactive oxygen species - NO - Lysosomal enzymes

Question 35

What stimulates the proliferation of NK cells?

Answer 35

IL-15

Question 36

What alters the expression of proteins required for development of B&T Cells? (Stem cell -> Pro B, Stem cell -> Pro T)

Answer 36

IL-7

Question 37

What cells secrete IL-7?

Answer 37

Thymocytes (immature T cells located in the thymus)

Question 38

Cell that produces proinflammatory cytokines

Answer 38

M1 Macrophages

Question 39

Cell that produces anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 39

M2 Macrophages