Cycles

Question 1

Cellular Respiration Steps

Answer 1

1) Glycolysis (anaerobic)
2) Pyruvate oxidation (anaerobic)
3) Citric acid cycle (aerobic)
4) Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)

Question 2

Glycolysis

Answer 2

Glucose –> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + NADH
Occurs in cytoplasm
2 stages:
1) investment of ATP to activate sugar -> splitting of C6 to 2x C3
2) Oxidation of C3 -> NADH + H+ + ATP

Question 3

Pyruvate Oxidation

Answer 3

2 Pyruvate –> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 CO2
Occurs in mitochondria

Question 4

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 4

Acetyl CoA –> ATP + CO2 + NADH + FADH2
Occurs in mitochondria
(Glucose -> 2 Pyruvate (+ 2NADH + 2ATP) ->

Question 5

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 5

O2 -> ATP + H2O
Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 6

Cellular Respiration Products

Answer 6

Complete Oxidation
Waste products: h2o, co2
Net energy trapped: 29 ATP

Question 7

Fermentation Products

Answer 7

Incomplete oxidation
Waste products: Organic compound
Net energy trapped: 2 ATP

Question 8

Proton Gradient: H+ concentration gradient

Answer 8

Concentration is high on one side, but low on the other. Hydrogen ions naturally move down this concentration gradient, from high to low concentration, providing the enzyme with the energy to bind the third phosphate group to the ADP molecule. Allows the mitochondria, or the chloroplast to convert a molecule of ADP into ATP. (ΔpH)

Question 9

Proton Gradient: Membrane potential

Answer 9

The resting membrane potential is determined by the uneven distribution of ions between the inside and the outside of the cell, and by the different permeability of the membrane to different types of ions.