CYBERCRIME

Question 1

what is cyber crime?

Answer 1

• criminal groups target individuals, groups + large corporate networks to steal personal info

Question 2

cyber crime against consumers

Answer 2

• phishing
• webcam manager
• file hijacker
• key logging
• screenshot manager
• ad clicker

Question 3

cyber crime against business

Answer 3

• hacking

- distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks

Question 4

Holt et al (2015) - hacking

Answer 4

• not necessarily a crime
• can be applied in many ways depending on ethical perspective of actor
• modification/alteration of computer hardware/software to enable tech to be used in new way

Question 5

Brenner (2008) - hacking

Answer 5

• most common targets —> individual computer users, private industry and governments

Question 6

Holt et al. (2015) - phishing

Answer 6

attempts to obtain sensitive financial info from victims to engage in identity theft and fraud

Question 7

Bergh + Junger (2018) - prevalence

Answer 7

• annual crime prevalence rates ranged from 1-6% for hacking
• estimates for being a victims of malware - 2-15%
• hard to estimate due to variation in methods and questioning between countries

Question 8

crimes and offences

Answer 8

• antisocial behaviour (ASB)
• theft and fraud
• hate crime
• exploitation
• terrorism and hacking

Question 9

EU commission

Answer 9

general policy on the fight against cyber crime

Question 10

legislation relating to ICT crime

Answer 10

• computer misuse act 1990
• communications act 2003
• digital economy act 1959
• data protection act 1998

Question 11

technology and policing - overarching issues

Answer 11

• question of balance - liberty vs. security
• current narratives mirror some historical concerns —> links between control of communication systems and exercise of power (Innish, 1950)
• surveillance discourse

Question 12

technology and policing - listening, watching, sensing and tracking

Answer 12

• profound ability to monitor has been reluctant in claim that surveillance society has emerged (Lyon, 2007)
• full spectrum surveillance through digitization

Question 13

methods employed by the state often similar in character to those employed by others such as:

Answer 13

• legitimate parties —> consumer surveillance (e.g. cookies)
• illegitimate parties —> individual offenders and serious organised crime (e.g. hacking, identity theft, fraud and trolls)

Question 14

hot products targeted by theives are generally: (Clarke, 1999)

Answer 14

• Concealable
• Removable
• Available
• Valuable
• Enjoyable
• Disposable

Question 15

Newman + Clarke (2003) - internet as a criminogenic environment

Answer 15

• Stealth
• Challenge
• Reconnaissance
• Escape
• Multiplicity

Question 16

worthley + smallbone (2006)

Answer 16

• child sexual abuse in new tech

- fundamental principle of SCP is that crime follows opportunity

Question 17

responsibility of cybercrime prevention?

Answer 17

• education/awareness
• online content providers - place managers (Eck, 2003)
• online users + supervision of users (e.g. individual users, parents and guardians)

Question 18

reducing opportunities through SCP

Answer 18

• rational choice theory (Clarke + Cornish, 1985)

- crime pattern theory (Brantingham + Brantingham, 1993)

Question 19

preventions of what?

Answer 19

• email
• blog
• social networking sites
• message boards/forums
• online dating sites
• messaging services
• text messages
• video mesages
• chat rooms

Question 20

Eddosl (2016)

Answer 20

• success of internet based software masked the fact that there are many security flaws

Question 21

risk management

Answer 21

• understand what makes organisation attractive to cyber criminals and main vulnerabilities
• only 37% if companies have cyber incident response plan

Question 22

Buono (2014)

Answer 22

• strategic intelligence/analysis is vital in fight against cyber crime —> data gatherin