Cyber revision

Question 1

What did Rosen’s (2013) research look at? What were there findings?

Answer 1

Looked at differences in communication preferences across different generations

It was found that baby boomers were more fond of f-t-f interaction, whereas millennials and Gen Z had higher liking towards texting and instant messaging

Question 2

What does Attril (2015) suggest?

Answer 2

The internet is used by all age groups, but it has different goal orientation

Question 3

What does Huffier & Calvert (2005) show for non-verbal communication

Answer 3

There are variations on words (e.g. cya) and acronyms and emojis when texting

Question 4

What are Paralinguistic Digital Affordances?

Answer 4

Likes/favourites on social media

Question 5

What is the dystopian view?

Answer 5

Technology removes face-to-face interaction, producing isolation and reduced skills

Question 6

What is the utopian view?

Answer 6

Technology improves quality and quantity and allows for new connections

Question 7

State research based on the utopian view

Answer 7

iDisorders (Rosen, 2013): measured whether social media use, technology attitudes and technology anxieties would predict symptoms of 6 clinical disorders and 3 mood disorders

Found that more FB friends predicted more clinical symptoms
Anxieties and attitudes predicted clinical symptoms

Question 8

State research based on the utopian view

Answer 8

Wood (2014) showed that children who use more abbreviations have better knowledge of conventional spelling and children who use more textisms have greater reading ability

Question 9

What are positive impacts of online exploration of identity?

Answer 9

Super (1999) ‘presenting an ideal self to the world’

Turtle (1995) internet allows people to reflect a range of selves and selves which you didn’t even know you had

Question 10

What are negative impact of online exploration of identity?

Answer 10

Weil (1997) identified problems with adults who fail to integrate their online and offline selves

Blasovich (2011) links multiple online identities to dissociative identity disorder

Question 11

What is the Online Disinhibition Effect? And who formed it?

Answer 11

People tend to have more self-disclosure and trust online compared to offline (Suler, 2004)

Question 12

What is impression management?

Answer 12

Controlling the impressions that others form of you (Chester, 2007)

Question 13

What does Attril (2015) state about online behaviour?

Answer 13

There is a role of individual differences, through personality, self-esteem and narcissism

Question 14

What is trust?

Answer 14

A state which comprises of the intention to accept vulnerability based on the positive expectations of the intentions or behaviour of another (Rousseau, 1988)

Question 15

How does deception work online?

Answer 15

Buchanan (2007) showed that the key to deceiving individuals online is by gaining trust, through reciprocal disclosure (giving information about yourself so someone will then give information about them) and controlled leaking of information

Question 16

What is Uncertainty Reduction Theory? State research on this theory

Answer 16

People need to gain information on others in order to reduce their uncertainty

Sheldon’s (2009) survey about Facebook contacts support the Uncertainty Reduction Theory

• Results showed that more self-disclosed a person was, the less uncertainty experienced and there was higher trust
• More certainty over others behaviour allowed for more trust in others, equalling more disclose to others

Question 17

What are the ways Cialdini suggests people gain trust online?

Answer 17

• Reciprocation (returning favours)
• Commitment and consistency
• Social proof (others doing the same)
• Authority
• Liking
• Scarcity (attractive if limited)

Question 18

What did Lee (2007) show about new stories

Answer 18

The higher the deviance in a news story, the more attention it will receive and people will remember the story better

Question 19

What is deviance?

Answer 19

Deviance is any behaviour that violates social norms and is usually of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society (Meier, 2014). This can be criminal or non-criminal.

Question 20

How does cyberbullying differ to traditional bullying

Answer 20

24 hours a day

Uses anonymity and can reach a greater audience

Victims may turn into perp

Question 21

How can video games affect deviance?

Answer 21

Children become more accepting of immoral acts when in a virtual world (Jackson, 2009)

People can forget their morals (Hodge & Taylor, 2013)

Question 22

State a further reading study on deviance

Answer 22

Akers (1995) social learning theory and social bonding can lead to traditional deviant acts, such as drug use - potentially more criminal acts are committed this way

Question 23

What did Hinduja (2008) show?

Answer 23

Children who are victims of cyberbullying report to be victims of traditional bullying and assaultive behaviour

Offending and victimisation of cyberbullying is more prevalent in children who spend more time online

Question 24

How does the internet aid deviance

Answer 24

It allows it to be transformed and amplified (Kiesler, 1997)

Question 25

What does Buchanan (2007) show?

Answer 25

People manipulate others online by gaining trust, reciprocal disclosure and controlled leaking of information