Cwi Definitions Flashcards
API 1104
Api standard for welding pipeline
ACGIH
American conference of government and industrial hygienist. Hazardous material levels
ANSI
American national standards institute. Technical and safety standards
ANSI Z49.1
Safety in welding, cutting, and allied processes, document outlining safe practices for welding and cutting operations
ANSI Z87.1
Practice for occupational and educational Eye and face protection
Asphyxiation
Loss of consciousness due to too little oxy or too high c02 in blood
ASME
American society of mech engineers
ASNT
Amer society of NDT
AWS A3.0
AWS standard welding terms and definitions
AWS d1.1
AWS welding code
AWS d1.5
AWS bridge welding code
AWS D15.1
AWS railroad welding spec cars and locomotives
AWS QC1
AWS standard for certification of welding inspectors
KASH
Knowledge attitude skills habits
SNT-TC-1A
ASNT CERT PROGRAM FOR NDT TECHS
Fume plume
Smoke close cause from welding, containing solid particles from molten metal
Hot work permit
For designed to ensure safety precautions have been considered prior to any operation with heat or open flame
Lock, tag, try
Locking out of equipment, tagging for identification, and trying equipment to make sure it’s not operational prior to repair
MSDS
Material safety data sheet. Document that identifies hazardous material in materials that have toxic properties
OSHA
Occupational safety and health act. Law that outlines requirement for safety in the workplace
Pinch points
Equipment geometry that can lead to pinching parts of the body
TLV
Threshold limit value. Permissible levels of exposure limits for hazardous materials.
AC
Alternating current. 60 cycles per second in USA
Alloy
Substance with metallic property, composed of two or more elements, with at least one metal
Ampere
Unit for measuring strength of electric current
Arc blow
Deflection of welding arc from normal path due to magnetic forces
Arc length
Distance from tip of the welding electrode to the surface of the welding pool
Brazing
Using a filler metal with a melting point above 840*f
Capillary action
In welding, force by which a liquid in contact with a solid is distributed between the faying surfaces of the joint to be brazed/soldered
Carburizing
In welding, term denoting the addition of carbon into the surfaces of hot metals through a solid solution mechanism. May occur during air carbon arc cutting
Coalescence
Joining together two or more surfaces
Code
Document adopted by city, state, etc and having legal status
DC
Direct current: constant electric polarity
DCEN
Direct current electrode negative: straight polarity
DCEP
Direct current electrode positive: reverse polarity
Diacontinuity
Any interruption of typical structure of a material: not necessarily a defect
Drag
In OFC AND PAC the amount of offset between cut entry and exit points, measured along cut edge
Electrode
Component of electrical circuit that terminates at the arc, molten conductive slag, or base metal
Faying surface
Mating surface of a member that is to be joined to another member
Ferrous
Metal that is primarily iron based, such as steel
Filler metal
Metal or alloy added in making a weld, brazed, or soldered joint
Flux
Material used to hinder the formation of oxides and other undesirable substances in molten metal and on solid metal surfaces l, and to dissolve or otherwise facilitate the removal of such substances
Inclusion
Entrapped foreign solid material: slag, flux, tungsten, or oxides
Incomplete fusion
Weld discontinuity in which fusion did not occur between weld metal and fusion faces or adjoining weld beads
Incomplete joint penetration
Joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal does not extend through the joint thickness
Inert gas
Gas that does not combine chemically with other materials. Argon and helium used in welding
Kerf
Width of cut produced during cutting process
Keyhole welding
Procedure that places a hole completely through workpiece. As weld progresses metal flows behind keyhole to form weld
Nonferrous
Refers to allows other than iron based. Coppe, nickel, aluminum
Orifice
In welding, a small opening, that AIDS in controlling or constricting the flow of material
Porosity
Cavity type discontinuities formed by gas entrapment during solidification
Progression
Term in welding applied to direction of vertical welding, uphill or downhill
Reactive gas
Gas that will combine chemically with other materials
Shielding
Protection from contamination
Slag
Nonmetallic product resulting from mutual dissolution of flux and nonmetallic impurities in some welding and brazing processes
Soldering
Joining materials with a filler metal at or below 840*f
Splatter
Metal particles expelled during fusion welding that do not form part of the weld
Tensile strength
In psi. Calculated by diving max load by cross sectional area. SI units MPa
Undercut
Groove melted into base metal adjacent to weld toe or root, and left unfilled by filler metal
Voltage
Electromotive force. Difference in electric potential, expressed in volts
Weld
Localized coalescence of metals or nonmetals produced by hearing the material to welding temperatures, with or without application of pressure, or application of pressure alone, and with or without filler metal
Actual throat
Shortest distance between weld root and face of fillet weld
Back weld
Weld made at back of a single groove welded joint after completion of the groove weld
Backing weld
Backing in form of a weld, made before the primary weld
Arc strike
Discontinuity resulting from an arc, consisting of any localized remelted metal, heat affected metal, or change change of the surface profile of any metal
Collet
A part of a welding torch forming a shroud
Back step sequence
Longitudinal sequence in which weld passes are made in direction opposite to the progression of welding
Bevel angle
Angle between bevel of a joint member and a plane perp to the surface of the member. Dimension equals one half the groove.
Block sequence
Combined longitudinal and cross sectional sequence for a continuous multiple pass weld in which separate increments are completely of partially welded before intervening increments are welded
Boxing
Continuation of a fillet weld around a corner
Buildup
Surfacing variation in which surfacing material is deposited to achieve required dimension
Buttering
Surfacing variation that deposits surfacing metal on one or more surfaces to provide metallurgic compatible weld metal for subsequent completion of welds
Butting member
Joint that is prevent by other member from moving in one direction perp to its thickness
Cascade sequence
Combine long and cross sectional sequences in which weld passes are made in overlapping layers
Cladding
Surfacing variation that deposit or applies surfacing material to improve corrosion of heat resistance
Complete joint penetration
Joint root condition in groove weld in which weld metal extends completely through joint thickness
Concavity
Max distance from face of concave fillet weld perpendicular to line joining weld toes
Convexity
Max distance from fave of convex weld to perp line joining weld toes
Depth of bevel
Perp distance from base metal surface to root edge or beginning of root gave
Depth of fusion
Distance that fusion extends into base metal
Effective throat
Minimum distance minus any Convexity between weld root and face of fillet weld
Fave reinforcement
Weld reinforcement on side of joint from which welding was done
Fillet weld
Weld of approximately triangular cross section joining to surfaces at approximately right angles
Fillet weld leg
Distance from joint root to toe of fillet
Fusion
Melting together of base and filler metal or only base metal to produce weld
Fusion face
Surface of base metal that will be melted during welding
Groove angle
Total included angle of groove between workpieces
Groove face
Surface of hint member included in the groove
Groove radius
Radius used to form the shape of j or u groove
Hard facing
Surfacing variation in which material is deposited to reduce wear
Joint
Edges of members to be joined or have been joined
Joint design
Shape, dimensions, ad configuration of joint
Joint geometry
Shape and dimensions of joint in cross section prior to welding
Joint penetration
Distance weld metal extends from weld face into joint. Exclusive of reinforcement
Joint root
Portion of joint where member approach closest to each other.
Weld type
Butt, corner, edge, t, lap joint
Nonbutting member
Joint member that is free to move in any direction perp to its thickness
Projection weld
Type of weld associated with resistance welding process that produces weld by heat obtained from resistance to the flow of the welding current
Root edge
Root face of zero width
Root face
Portion of groove face within the joint root “land”
Root opening
Separation at joint root between two pieces
Root penetration.
Distance weld metal extends into the joint root
Root reinforcement
Weld reinforcement opposite the side welding was done
Scarf weld
Type of groove weld associated with brazing in which mating members of joint have single bevel edge shapes
Seam weld
Continuous weld made between or upon overlapping members in which coalescence may start and occur on the faying surfaces. Continuous weld may consist of. Single weld bead or series of overlapping spot welds
Slot weld
Weld made in elongated hole in one member of a joint fusing two members together.
Splice member
Workpiece that spans the joint in a spliced joint
Spot weld
Weld made between or upon overlapping members in which coalescence may occur on the faying surface or proceed from outer surface of one member.
Stringer bead
Weld bead made without weaving motion.
Stud weld
Weld associated with joining metal stud to work piece. Made using arc, resistance, friction or other process with or without gas.
Surfacing weld
Weld applied to surface to obtain desired properties or dimensions
Theoretical throat
Distance from beginning of joint root perp to hypotenuse of largest right triangle that can be made inside fillet weld.
Weave bead
Weld bead made with transverse oscillation
Weld bead
Weld resulting from a pass
Weld face
Exposed surface of a weld onside from which welding was done
Weld groove
Opening in member or members that provides space for a weld
Weld interface
Interface between weld metal and base metal in fusion weld, between base metals in a solid state weld without filler metal, or between base metal and filler metal in sold state weld
Weld layer
Single layer of weld within multi pass.
Weld pass
Single progression of welding along a joint
Weld reinforcement
Weld metal in excess that that required to fill joint
Weld root
Points shown in cross section at which root surface intersects with base metal surface
Weld toe
Junction of weld face and base metal
API
American petroleum institute
Camber
Permissible variation from straightness is girders or beams
Code
Body of laws, arranged systematically for for easy reference
Essential variables
Variables that if changed beyond certain limits require to welding process to be prepared and qualified
Heat number
Number assigned to each heat of steal by the manufacturing source
Hold point
Specific, prearranged step in fabrication process where fab is stopped to permit an intermin inspection. Fab can begin again only when inspection show part meets quality requirements
ISO
International organization of standardization
MTC
Mill/material test cert
MTR
Material/mill test report
PQR
Procedure qualification record
Standard
Something established for USe as a rule or basis of comparison in measuring capacity, quantity, quality etc
Specification
Detailed description of parts of a whole. Statement of particulars as to actual or required size, quality etc
Traceability
Attribute of materials control system which permits tracing any part of material used in fab back to source and certifying documents
UNS
Unified numbering system
WPS
Welding procedure specification
WPQ WOPQ WPQR
Welder performance qualification
Welding operator performance qualification
Welding procedure qualification record
Alloy
Mixture of elements creating a metal. Steel an alloy of iron and carbon
Annealed
Heat treat condition of metals exhibiting minimum strength and hardness
Austenite
Metal phase found in steels at elevated temp and stainless at room temp
Austenitic
Term applied to group of stainless steels whose room temp stable phase is Austenite
Brinell
Type of macrohardness test, largest area of 3 hardness tests. Tensile strength found my multiplying BHN by 500. BHN determined by measuring size of indentation
Brittle
Behavior of metals that break without deformation. Material with little or no ductility
Charpy (v notch)
Type of impact test. V carefully machined into it. Cooled to prescribed temp. Testing machine consists of pendulum with a striker head. Used to measure amount of energy absorbed during fracture.
Cold work
Permanent deformation of metal below its transformation temp
Density
Ratio of mass per volume. Metal is grams/cm^3
Discontinuity
Interruption of normal pattern of metal. Porosity, incomplete fusion, and slag. Reject able discontinuity = defect
Ductile
Ability of metal to deform under Load without breaking
Elastic behavior
Deformation of metal under load without permanent deformation. When Load removed metal returns to normal shape
Elongation
Stretch of material, either elastic or plastic. Percent elongation is measure of metals ductility
Fatigue strength
Relative Ability of metal to withstand cyclic loading, as in stress reversal
Ferrite/ ferritic
Group of stainless steels who’s room temp stable phase is ferrite
Hardness
Ability to resist indentation or penetration
HAZ
Heat affected zone. Zone of base metal not Melted during welding but undergoing metallurgic changes
Impact strength
Relative ability of metal to absorb an impact load
Knoop
Type of micro hardness test. Diamond indenter with long and short dimensions. Load of 1-1000grams
Martensite
Phase in steels which forms on rapid cooling or quenching
Modulus of elasticity
Ratio between stress applied and the resulting elastic strain. Slope of a metals elastic limit curve. Relative measure of materials stiffness
Young’s modulus
Notch toughness
Ability of a metal to absorb energy without failure when Surface notches are present
Plastic behavior
Permanent deformation of a metal under applied load. Metal does not return to original shape after load removed
Post heating
Heating of completed weld and base metal after welding
Precipitation hardening
Term applied to alloys which are hardened by formation of a hardening precipitate on heat treatment. Group of stainless steels
Preheating
Heating of base/filler metal prior to welding
Quenching
Cooling very rapidly from an elevated temp. Method of increasing hardness of heat treatable steels
Rolling direction
Longitudinal direction of rolling in metal manufacturing. Same direction as rolling
Slag inclusion
Discontinuity in metals, usually non metallic such as oxide or sulfide
S-n curve
Number of cycles and allied stress levels to cause failure of metal samples
Soundness
Metal testing, reference to freedom from imperfections. Include bend, nick break and fillet break
Stainless steel
Alloy containing 12% chromium or greater
Stress riser
Any surface blemish or geometry that increases applied stress at particular point on component. Weld ripples, surface scratches. Etc
Stress relief
Controlled heat treatment that relieves residual stress in metals
Tempering
Heat treatment, usually of quenched steel, that reduces hardness and restores ductility and toughness
Transition temp
In impact testing, temp at with metal fracture changes from ductile to brittle
Toughness
Ability of a metal to absorb slowly applied energy
Ultimate tensile strength
Max Load carrying Capacity of a material
Vickers
Type of micro hardness test that use diamond indenter
Weldability
Capacity of material to be welded under the imposed fabrication conditions into a specific structure and to perform satisfactory
Yield strength
Load at which a material will begin to yield or permanently deform. Also called yield point
Deoxidizers
Elements or compounds which preferentially combine with oxygen to keep it from reacting with heated base or weld metal
Duplex
Type of stainless fainting 50/50 ferrite and Austenite
Nitriding
Case hardening process which introduces nitrogen into the surface of ferrous material at elevated temps in presence or ammonia or nitrogen
Normalizing
Heat treatment by which steal heated into Austenite range and air cooled
Pear lite
Layer or lamellar structure composed of ferrite and cementite
Postheat
Thermal treatment given to weldment after welding
Quenching
Very rapid cooling from elevated temps
Residual stress
Stress remaining immediately after welding or forming operation
AWS A2.4
Welding symbols
