CVS physiology Flashcards
Local factors causing vasoconstriction
- Cold temperature
- Injured vessels ?secondary to Serotonin release
- Autoregulation (myogenic response)
Endothelial products causing constriction
- Endothelin 1
- Locally released platelet serotonin
- Thromboxane A2
Circulating hormones causing constriction
- Adrenaline (except skeletal muscle and liver)
- NA
- Ang II
- Circulating Na/K ATPase inhibitor
- ADH/ AVP
- Neuropeptide
Neural factors causing constriction
Increased discharge of noradrenergic vasomotor nerves
Local factors causing dilation
- Increased temperature
- Hypoxic
- Increased PCO2
- Lactate/ decreased pH
- Cells leaking K+ and osmolarity
- Cells burning energy (breakdown products of ATP eg. ADP, AMP, adenosine, phosphate)
- Histamine (released from damaged tissues)
Note that adenosine -> vasodilator in cardiac muscle, not skeletal
Endothelial products that cause dilation
- NO
- Kinins
- Prostacyclin
Circulating hormones that cause Dilation
Adrenaline in skeletal muscle and liver
CGRP-alpa
Substance P
Histamine
ANP
VIP
Neural factors that cause dilation
- Decreased discharge of noradrenergic vasomotor nerves
- Activation of cholinergic dilator fibres to skeletal muscle
What are the effects of long term autoregulation of local blood flow
- Body responds by increasing the size and number of blood vessels (via angiogenic factors)
- This is is stimulated by chronic rise in demand for O2
Name 3 angiogenic factors and their function
- Endothelial cell growth factors
- Fibroblast growth factor
- Angiogenin
Small peptides that cause new capillary loops to sprout from venules
Where is prostacyclin produced and what is its function
Endothelial and smooth muscle cells in blood vessels
- Inhibits platelet aggregation and promotes vasodilation thus increasing blood flow
- Promotes renin secretion by direct action on the JG cells or indirectly by reducing BP
How is thromboxane A2 made and what is its function
Derived from common precursor arachnidonic acid via COX pathway
Promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstricton thus promoting plug formation
Describe the relationship between TXA and PGI2
Causes localised clot formation whilst maintaining distal blood flow
What happens if you give someone aspirin
Shifts balance towards PGI2 (i.e bleeding)
Produces irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase
What is another name for NO and where is it made
- Endothelium derived relaxing factor
- Made from arginine, crosses cell membrane readily, catalysed by NO synthase
What stimulates and inhibits release of NO
- Stimulated by products of platelet aggregation
- Inhibited by HB
What is the action of NO
- Vasodilation -> causes flow inducted dilation of large arteries
- Tonic release of NO is necessary to maintain BP
- Good in penile erection
- Vascular remodeling and angiogenesis
- Present in brain -> acting via cGMP (important for brain function)
- Important for cytotoxic activity of macrophages, including their ability to kill cancer cells
What are the 3 types of endothelin
1,2,3
Where is endothelin 1 made
Produced by endothelial cells, made fresh every time via transcription, with a half life of less than one minute
What stimulates and inhibits endothelin 1’s release
- Promoted by stretched wall, hypoxia, AngII, catecholamines, GF’s, insulin, oxidised LDL, HDL, thrombin
- Inhibited by NO, ANP, PGE2, prostacyclin
Actions of endothelin 1
- Potent vasoconstrictor, veins> arteriorles, particular effect on coronary artery vasoconstriction
- renovasoconstirction -> decrease RBF -> decrease GFR -> promote renin and aldosterone
- Positive chronotropic and inotropic
- Promote ANP
- Promote gluconeogensis
- Causes bronchoconstriction
- IV injection causes transient hypotension followed by sustained rise in BP (due to vasoconstriction)
What is the function of Kinins
- Increase permeability of capillaries
- Chemotactic for leukocytes
- Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle - > through action of NO
- Contraction of visceral smooth muscle
What are the two types of kinins
Bradykinin and lysylbradykinin (kallidin)
Where are kinins made
Sweat glands, salivary glands, exocrine pancreas