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BDS1 BAMS: Cardiovascular System > CVS Overview > Flashcards

CVS Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

Organ system transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, etc

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2
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries), blood, lymphatic system

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3
Q

What are the 2 “loops” of circulation?

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation

2. Systemic circulation

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4
Q

Describe the pulmonary circulation

A
  • Oxygen depleted blood
  • Passes from heart to lungs
  • Returns oxygenated blood to heart
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5
Q

Describe the systemic circulation

A
  • Oxygen rich blood
  • Passes from heart to rest of body
  • Returns deoxygenated blood to heart
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6
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior mediastinum?

A

T1 and sternal angle (rib number 2)

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7
Q

Which part of the body is used as a reference for CPR?

A

Middle mediastinum

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8
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Outermost fibrous layer protecting the heart - consists of 2 layers (visceral and parietal layers)
The pericardium provides an anchor - holds everything in place

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9
Q

What is between the visceral and parietal pericardium?

A

Serous fluid

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10
Q

What is the purpose of serous fluid between the viscera land parietal pericardium layerS?

A

Minimises friction each time the heart beats

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11
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Heart muscle - forms the bulk of the heart

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12
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

A heart attack

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13
Q

What does the superior vena cava drain?

A

Everything above the level of the heart

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14
Q

What does the inferior vena cava drain?

A

Everything below the level of the heart

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15
Q

Why does the pulmonary trunk divide in two?

A

One artery for left lung, one artery for right lung

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16
Q

Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary arteries

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17
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A

At the bottom of the heart

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18
Q

Where does the umbilical vein go?

A

Goes into the baby’s heart from the mother’s placenta

Carries oxygenated blood

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19
Q

What is the function of the ductus venousus in foetal circulation?

A

Allows oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the liver
Oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein is shunted directly to the inferior vena cava

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20
Q

What is the name of the hole between the atria in developing babies?

A

Foramen ovale

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the foramen ovale?

A

Shunts oxygenated blood from right to left atria
Allows oxygenated blood coming from the umbilical vein via the inferior vena cava to bypass the pulmonary circulation
Lungs don’t work until ~35 weeks

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22
Q

What happens to the foramen ovale when a baby is born?

A

Once the umbilical cord is cut, the foramen ovale shuts instantly.

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23
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Allows blood from right ventricle to bypass the lungs

Allows blood to pass straight from pulmonary trunk to the aorta

24
Q

What is the purpose of the 3 shunts in foetal circulation?

A

Ductus venous: shunts blood away from liver

Ductus artists and foramen ovale: allows blood to bypass the lungs (non-functioning)

25
Q

What happens if coronary arteries are blocked?

A

Heart attack

26
Q

Which arteries are termed ‘end arteries’ to the heart?

A

Coronary arteries

27
Q

What is the foramen ovals called when it shuts?

A

Fossa ovalis

28
Q

What drains the heart?

A

Orifice of coronary sinus

29
Q

What do musculi pectinati do?

A

Cause turbulence

Increase the flow of blood/help to propel blood

30
Q

What are chordae tendinae?

A

Heart strings - tough, tendinous strands attached to papillary muscles

31
Q

What is the purpose of chordae tendinae?

A

Hold the atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid) in place when pumping blood - ensures blood doesn’t flow in the opposite direction

32
Q

Which ventricle supplies the lungs?

A

Right ventricle

33
Q

Which ventricle has a thicker wall and why?

A

Left ventricle = thicker wall

Because the left ventricle supplies the systemic circuit - requires more force to pump blood round the body

34
Q

What are septal defects?

A

Holes in the heart

35
Q

What are the 3 types of septal defect that can occur?

A
  1. Atrial septal defect (foramen ovale may not close properly)
  2. Ventricular septal defect (ductus arteriosus may not close properly)
  3. Atrioventricular septal defect
36
Q

What are the 3 types of septal defect that can occur?

A
  1. Atrial septal defect (foramen ovale may not close properly)
  2. Ventricular septal defect
  3. Atrioventricular septal defect
37
Q

What do the heart sounds “lub” and “dub” correspond to?

A

“lub”: loud noise due to closure of the AV valves at time of atrial systole
“dub”: soften sound due to closure of the semilunar valves at the time of ventricular systole

38
Q

Which valves have chordae tendinae?

A

AV valves - semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) don’t have chordae tendinae

39
Q

What is the right AV valve called?

A

Tricuspid valve

40
Q

What is the left AV valve called?

A

Bicuspid/mitral valve

41
Q

What is the purpose of the valves in the heart?

A

Prevent the back flow of blood

42
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

Infection of the endocardium usually by bacteria (e.g. strep viridians, staph aureus)
Most common is subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)

43
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

Infection of the endocardium usually by bacteria (e.g. strep viridians, staph aureus)
Most common is subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)
Occurs on rheumatic or congenitally abnormal valves
Can also affect prosthetic valves
May present as a murmur

44
Q

Which dental problem can cause infective endocarditis?

A

Dental abscess

45
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

Reduced oxygen supply to tissue

Can result in collateral circulation developing (alternate circulate around a blocked artery or vein)

46
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Chest pain related to coronary artery disease (CAD)

47
Q

What is a CABG?

A

Coronary artery bypass graft

Reattach veins to act as arteries

48
Q

What are the components of the conducting system of the heart?

A

Right atrium, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, Purkinje fibres

49
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Rapid, irregular contraction of different parts of the atria

50
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A
  • Rapid, irregular contraction fo the ventricles
  • Not compatible with systemic and pulmonary circulation
  • This is the most disorganised form of cardiac arrhythmia, and leads to cardiac arrest
51
Q

What are the 3 layers of the arterial wall?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

52
Q

What effect does systole have on arterial walls?

A

Causes expansion of arterial walls

53
Q

What is arterial blood pressure maintained by during diatole?

A

Recoil

54
Q

How is blood flow regulated arteries?

A

Varying diameter of the capillaries

55
Q

What are 3 types of arteries?

A
  • Muscular arteries: radial, femoral, coronary and cerebral arteries
  • Elastic arteries: Aorta, common carotid, subclavian and pulmonary arteries
  • Arterioles: terminal branches supplying capillary bed

BDS1 BAMS: Cardiovascular System (4 decks)

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