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Anatomy > CVS Notes > Flashcards

CVS Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is

A

The only fluid tissue in the human body.

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2
Q

Two parts of blood

A

Living cells (formed elements), and non-living matrix (plasma).

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3
Q

The pH level of blood

A

between 7.35 and 7.45

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4
Q

Blood temperature

A

is slightly higher than body temperature.

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5
Q

Plasma is

A

90% water. The other elements are nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, and waste products.

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6
Q

Albumin

A

a plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure.

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7
Q

Antibodies

A

plasma proteins that protect the body from antigens.

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8
Q

Six elements of plasma

A

nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, and waste products.

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9
Q

Three formed elements of blood

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, platelets.

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10
Q

Erythrocytes

A

mainly carry oxygen.

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11
Q

Anatomy of RBC

A

biconcave disks, are bags of hemoglobin, have no nucleus and few organelles.

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12
Q

Ratio of RBC

A

they outnumber WBC 1000 to 1.

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

iron containing proteins that bind strongly to oxygen. Each has four oxygen binding sites. 250 million in each RBC.

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14
Q

Leukocytes

A

bodily defense. Complete cells with nucleus and organelles. Respond to chemicals.

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15
Q

Leukocytes move

A

in and out of blood vessels (diapedesis). Also move by ameboid motion.

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16
Q

Ratio of WBC

A

between 4000 and 11000 cells per mL.

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17
Q

Leukocytosis

A

WBC levels above 11000, indicates infection.

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18
Q

Leukopenia

A

low WBC levels, caused by drugs.

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19
Q

Granulocytes

A

Leukocytes with granules in cytoplasm. Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

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20
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lack granules. Lymphocytes and monocytes.

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21
Q

Neutrophils

A

multilobed nucleus. Phagocytes at infection.

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22
Q

Eosinophils

A

Large brick-red granules. Respond to allergies and parasitic worms.

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23
Q

Basophils

A

Histamine granules, instigate inflammation.

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24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Agranulocytes. Nucleus fills the cell. Immune response.

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25
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest WBC. Macrophages, fight chronic infection.

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26
Q

Platelets

A

ruptured multinucleate cells. necessary for clotting. 300,000 per cubic millimeter.

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27
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation. In the red bone marrow.

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28
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

stem cell of blood. Lymphoid produces lymphocytes, myeloid produces other formed elements.

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29
Q

Erythrocytes life

A

do not divide. Live 100 to 120 days. Eliminated in liver.

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30
Q

RBC production is controlled by

A

erythropoietin, which is produced by kidneys.

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31
Q

Hemostasis

A

stoppage of blood flow.

32
Q

Steps of hemostasis

A
  1. platelet plug 2. vascular spasms 3. coagulation
33
Q

Platelet plug

A

collagen fibers are exposed, platelets stick to fibers. Platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets.

34
Q

Vascular spasms

A

Platelets release seratonin. Muscles spasms narrow the blood vessels.

35
Q

Coagulation

A

Thromboplastin is released by injured tissues. PF(3) interacts with thromboplastin and clotting factors. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin joins fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin forms network.

36
Q

Blood takes _ to _ minutes to clot.

A

3 to 6 minutes.

37
Q

Thrombus

A

clot in unbroken vessel

38
Q

Embolus

A

thrombus which breaks away.

39
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

platelet deficiency. Normal movements can cause bleeding.

40
Q

Hemophilia

A

Hereditary bleeding disorder. Clotting factors are not present.

41
Q

Loss of 15 to 30%

A

causes weakness

42
Q

Loss of over 30%

A

causes shock

43
Q

Blood cells in fetus

A

created in liver and spleen. Bone marrow takes over by 7th month.

44
Q

Pericardium 2 parts

A

Visceral (inner), Parietal (outer), filled with serous fluid.

45
Q

Three layers of heart

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.

46
Q

Atria

A

intake blood

47
Q

Ventricles

A

discharge blood

48
Q

Vessels of the heart

A

Aorta, Pulmonary arteries (2), Vena cavae (2), Pulmonary veins (4)

49
Q

Rate of the heart is controlled by

A

Medulla Oblongata

50
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A
  1. Atria contract
  2. Atria relax
  3. Systole (ventricles contract)
  4. Diastole (ventricles relax)
51
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

event of one complete heart beat.

52
Q

5 types of vessels

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

53
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart.

54
Q

Veins

A

carry blood to heart.

55
Q

Capillaries

A

transfer oxygen.

56
Q

Three layers of veins

A

Tunic intima, tunic media, tunic externa

57
Q

Tunic intima

A

Endothelium

58
Q

Tunic media

A

Smooth muscle, controlled by sympathetic nervous system.

59
Q

Tunic externa

A

Fibrous connective tissue.

60
Q

Artery walls are

A

thickest.

61
Q

Lumens (opening) of veins

A

are largest.

62
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

milks blood towards heart.

63
Q

Capillary beds

A

Arterioles, capillaries, and venules.

64
Q

Vascular shunt

A

connects anteriole to venule.

65
Q

True capillaries

A

exchange vessels, the site of oxygen and nutrient exchange (vein to cell) and carbon dioxide and waste products (cell to vein).

66
Q

Pulse

A

pressure wave of blood, monitored at pressure points.

67
Q

Systolic

A

pressure at peak of ventricular contraction.

68
Q

Diastolic

A

pressure when ventricles relax.

69
Q

Pressure is ___ related to distance from heart.

A

inversely related.

70
Q

Neural factor of blood pressure

A

Autonomic division adjusts. Renal regulates by altering volume. Renin - hormonal control.

71
Q

Temperature effect on BP

A

Heat causes vasodilation, Cold causes vasoconstriction.

72
Q

Factors that affect BP

A

Neural system, hormones, temperature, chemicals, diet.

73
Q

Normal BP

A

140-110 mmHg systolic, 80-75 mmHg diastolic.

74
Q

Hypotension

A

Low systolic (<110)

75
Q

Hypertension

A

High systolic (>140)

76
Q

Average pulse

A

70-85 Bpm

77
Q

7th week of development

A

heart becomes 4 chambered.

Anatomy (2 decks)

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