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Diseases of the human systems > CVS medicine > Flashcards

CVS medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is arterioscelorosis?

A

The hardening and loss of elacity in arterial walls

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2
Q

What is Atheroscelorosis?

A

A hardening of an artery specfically due to atheromatous plaque

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3
Q

What is the most important risk factor of Atheroscelorsis?

A

Hyperlipidemia

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4
Q

What does Atheroscelorosis normlly result in the formation of?

A

An atheroma

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5
Q

What are the 2 processes involved in the formation of an Atheroma?

A

A Chronic inflammation process followed by a healing response

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6
Q

What happens in the chronic inflammation process of a atheroma formation?

A
  1. There is a C. Inflam. response to lipoproteins which damages endothelial cells
  2. Endothelial cells change cell surface receptor and become more permeable to lipids
  3. Change in adhesion molecules for monocytes so they can attach to endothelium allowing them to move into the blood vessel walls
  4. These monocytes include macrophages and T cells which result in the formation of Foam cells and fatty streaks
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7
Q

What happens in the healing phase of a atheroma formation?

A
  1. There is a proliferation of smooth muscle cells
  2. Fibrous tissue begins to form
  3. Growth factors are produced (such as PDGF, FGF)
  4. A Fibro fatty plaque forms with central mass of lipid and necrotic tissue
  5. neovascularization, haemorrhage and calcification may occur
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8
Q

What are foam cells?

A

During the formation of an atheroma the macrophages engulf the lipids making them large and pale, resulting in the name foam cells

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9
Q

What are the effects of atheroscelorosis?

A

Ischemia, Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarcation

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10
Q

What is a kaposi sarcoma?

A

A low grade malignant blood vessel tumour

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11
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Trying the prevent the disease from happening in the first place e.g. trying to encorage a healthier diet

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12
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

trying to detect disease early and prevent it from getting worse

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13
Q

How do antiplatelet drugs affect platelets?

A

They affect platelet function or the number of platelets

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14
Q

How do anticoagulent drugs affect platelets?

A

They interfere with the coagulation cascade

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15
Q

What drug should be given to a victim of a heart attack immediatly

A

Aspirin

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16
Q

What is a major side effect of aspirin

A

G.I. bleeding

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17
Q

What drug is key in the management of unstable angina and NSTEMI

A

Clopidogrel (is a antiplatelet)

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18
Q

Name 2 anticoagulents

A

Warafin, Rivaroxiban, Apixaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban

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19
Q

How do Statins work

A

They inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver

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20
Q

Statins are given to patients who have or at risk of high?

A

Cholesterol

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21
Q

What common dental drug do statins have a possible mytosis with

A

Fluconazole

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22
Q

What are Beta blockers used for

A

To manage arrhythmia and protect the heart from a second heart attack or cardiac arrest

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23
Q

What type of chrontropes are Beta blockers

A

negative

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24
Q

What are diuretics used for

A

As a antihypertensive and for heart failure

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25
Q

How do diuretics works

A

They increase salt and water loss

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of diuretics and what are they mainly used for

A

Thiazide diuretics- mainly given for high blood pressure

Loop diuretics- mainly given for heart failure (by treating oedema)

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of Nitrates

A

Short and long acting

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28
Q

what is a short acting nitrate used for and give an example of 1

A

Emergency treatment of angina pectoris, and Glyceryl trinitrate(GTN)

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29
Q

What is a long acting nitrate used for and give an example of 1

A

Prevention of angina pectoris, and Isosorbide Mononitrate

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30
Q

What is angina pectoris

A

Reversible ischaemia of heart muscle

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31
Q

How do nitrates work

A

By dilating veins, resistance arteries and coloateral coronary artery supply

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32
Q

What are Calcium channel blockers used for

A

To treat Hypertension and migranes

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33
Q

what are ACE inhibitors used for

A

Treating high blood pressure, heart failure and are often presribed following a heart attack

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34
Q

How do ACE inhibitors works

A

By inhibiting conersion of Angiotensin I to II

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35
Q

Name a ACE inhibitor

A

Enalapril, Ramapril (pril ending)

36
Q

what are possible oral reactions to ACE inhibitors

A

Angio oedema, Lichenoid reaction

37
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

when the blood vessels suppplying the heart are blocked or narrowed

38
Q

What are the 2 types of angina pectoris

A

Stable and unstable

39
Q

What would an ECG have on a patient that has angina

A

A S-T segment depression

40
Q

What is peripheral vacular disease

A

‘Angina’ of the tissues outwith the heart and brain

41
Q

What are the 2 types of myocardinal infarction

A

STEMI and NSTEMI

42
Q

what is dealier, STEMI or NSTEMI

A

STEMI

43
Q

What would there be increased levels of in a patient with myocardinal infarction

A

Troponin levels

44
Q

What are the differences between STEMI and a NSTEMI, both on a ECG and in the actual heart

A 
STEMI= a S-T segement elavation on the ECG and complete occlusion of the blood vessel
NSTEMI= No S-T segment elevation in an ECG and there is only a partial occlusion of the blood vessel
45
Q

What drugs would be given to a victim of a MI to prevent a further one

A

beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, Aspirin

46
Q

What values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure would be classed as high BP

A

a Systolic BP > 140mm/Hg

a Diastolic BP> 90 mm/Hg

47
Q

What drugs treat hypertension

A

Thiazide diuretics, Beta blockers, Ca channel blockers and ACE inhinitors

48
Q

What is dysponea

A

Difficult or laboured breathing

49
Q

What are the valves of the heart

A

Aortic, Pulmonic, Mitral, Tricuspid

50
Q

Who are valve defects common with

A

Elderly and the Downs

51
Q

What are the causes of valve disease

A

Cogneital abnormality
MI
Dilation of the aortic root
Rheumatic failure

52
Q

What valves most commonly fail in the heart

A

The left valves (Aortic and Mitral)

53
Q

What is valve stenosis

A

Narrowing of the valve opening

54
Q

What is the best way to investigate valve disease

A

Doppler ultrasound

55
Q

Is it ok to replace an infected valve

A

No

56
Q

What is the clinical life of a mechanical valve

A

<30 yrs

57
Q

What is the clinical life of a tissue valve

A

<10 yrs

58
Q

What medication is needed for a patient with a metal valve

A

Warafin

59
Q

What is the drug therapy for heart failure

A
  1. diuretics to increase salt/water loss
  2. ACE inhibitors to decrease salt/water retention
  3. nitrates to decreased venous filling pressure
  4. inotrope to increase strength of contraction
60
Q

What is tachycardia

A

when the heart beats too fast, >100bpm

61
Q

Name 2 tachyarrhythmias

A

Atrial fibrillation

Ventricular vibrillation

62
Q

What is Bradycardia

A

When the heart beats too slow <60bpm

63
Q

Name 2 Bradyarrhythmias

A

Heart block

Drug inuced

64
Q

What on a ECG shows heart block

A

prolonged p-q intervals

65
Q

What is heart block

A

Slow/no conduction through AV node to ventricles of impulse from SA node

66
Q

How does a tachyarrhythmia affect cardiac function

A

It impairs cardiac function by reducing diastolic filling time

67
Q

What does a atrial tachyarrhythmia look like on a ECG

A

Narrow QRS

68
Q

What does a ventricular tachyarrhythmia look like on a ECG

A

Broad QRS

69
Q

what can a ventricular tachyarrhythmia lead to

A

Ventricular fibrillation then death

70
Q

What is no clear P wave on a ECG mean

A

Atrial fibrillation

71
Q

What is atrial fibrillation

A

Rapid atrial impulses conducted to ventricles giving high HR and disorganised atrial activity

72
Q

What type of pulse does atrial fibrillation give

A

An irregularly irregular pulse

73
Q

What do pacemakers treat

A

Bradyarrhythmias

74
Q

What dental instrument is best to avoid theoretically in a patient with a pace maker

A

Induction scaler

75
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation

A

Unstable heart electrical activity

76
Q

Can you treat Ventricular F with a Defib

A

yes

77
Q

Can you treat astyole with a Defib

A

No

78
Q

Most common congenital heart defect?

A

Atrial septal defect

79
Q

What is cyanosis

A

when there is 5g/dl or more of deoxygenated Hb in the blood

80
Q

What is the cause of central cyanosis

A

cogenital heart disease

81
Q

Ventricular septal defect can lead to what?

A

long term heart failure

82
Q

what is patent ductus arteriosus

A

A connection between Aorta and pulmonary artery

83
Q

What test is there to confirm angina

A

rest and exersize ECG, Angiography, Blood test for troponin levels

84
Q

What cardiac medicine can cause xerostomia

A

Diuretics (in the elderly)

85
Q

MI symptoms and signs?

A

Swaeting, nausea Pale, Feelig as if they are going to die, short breath

86
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction and what happens to the tissue as a result

A

ATHEROMA in the CORONARY VESSELS
PLAQUE surface DETATCHES AND GETS TRAPPED DOWNSTREAM
BLOOD FLOW TO TISSUE IS STOPPED COMPLETELY TISSUE NECROSIS BEGINS

87
Q

What is bacteraemia

A

bacteria in the bloodstream

Diseases of the human systems (3 decks)

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