Cvs: Hypertension

Question 1

• Maintenance of a normal blood pressure is dependent on the balance between _______ & _______

Answer 1

cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance.

Question 2

• Most patients with essential hypertension have a normal _______ but a raised _______

Answer 2

cardiac output
peripheral resistance

{Essential (primary) hypertension occurs when you have abnormally high blood pressure that’s not the result of a medical condition ie no known secondary cause}

Question 3

Prolonged smooth muscle constriction is thought to induce structural changes with thickening of the arteriolar vessel walls possibly mediated by angiotensin, leading to an irreversible rise in ______________

Answer 3

peripheral resistance

Question 4

great many interrelated factors contribute to the raised blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
Among the factors that have been intensively studied are

Answer 4

salt intake, obesity, insulin resistance, the renin- angiotensin system, and the sympathetic nervous system

Question 5

In the past few years, other factors have been evaluated, including

Answer 5

genetics, endothelial dysfunction (as manifested by changes in endothelin and nitric oxide), low birth weight and intrauterine nutrition, and neurovascular anomalies.

Question 6

HT affects up to ___% of the. population of the world

• It is responsible for many cases of _____, ______ & ______________

Answer 6

20%

MI
stroke
chronic renal disease

Question 7

Whites particularly suffer the ravages of HT and are more likely than Blacks to experience serious complications.

T/F

Answer 7

False

Question 8

Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure level below which ?

Answer 8

the patient can benefit from its reduction

Question 9

Hypertension is Usually taken as a sustained
diastolic BP?
Or systolic BP?
Or?

Answer 9

> 90mmHg

> 160mmHg
Both

Question 10

According to 1999 WHO/ISH Guidelines draw a table showing hypertension

Answer 10

SBP. DBP
. Optimal <120 and <80
• Normal. <130 and <85
• High normal 130-139 and/or 85-89
• Grade 1 140-159 &/or 90-99
• Borderline. 140-149 &/or 90-94
• Grade 2 160-179 &/or 100-109
• Grade 3 >/=180 &/or >/=110
• Isolated SHT >/=140 & <90
• Borderline 140-149 <90
• Grade/Stage4 >210 >120

Question 11

Optimal

Normal

Answer 11

<120 and <80

Normal <130 and <85

Question 12

High normal

Grade 1

Answer 12

130-139 and/or 85-89

140-159 and/or 90-99

Question 13

Borderline
Grade 2

Answer 13

140-149 and/or 90-94

160-179 and/or 100-109

Question 14

Grade 3
Isolated Systolic hypertension

Answer 14

> =180 and/or >=110

> =140 and <90

Question 15

Borderline
Grade 4

Answer 15

140-149 and <90

> 210 and >120

Question 16

PREVALANCE
Varied worldwide
____ % in unacculturated societies
eg

Answer 16

0-2%

Yanomami Indians,
Papua New Guinea
koma people in Nigeria

Question 17

____% in Black Americans.
Male > Female below __yrs

Female>Male after ___yrs

Answer 17

40%

50 years
50 years

Question 18

PREVALENCE IN NIGERIA
_______ % have a bp of >=140/90

________% have a hbp of >=160/95

Answer 18

17-20%
approximately 10%

Question 19

How many parts of the population are aware of their hypertension

Of those, how many are being treated

Answer 19

One third

of those only 2/3 on RX.

Question 20

Hypertension is related to

Answer 20

obesity
physical inactivity
and smoking in early middle age

Question 21

Types of hypertension based on rate of progression

Answer 21

Benign
Malignant

Question 22

In BENIGN HT
• _______ HT occuring over many years which may be either be ______ or _____

• The clinical presentation is benign but may eventually have serious effects eg organ damage on

Answer 22

Chronic

mild or moderate.

brain, blood vessels