CVS, Heart and great vessels

Question 1

Thoracic skeleton

Answer 1

Clavicle, Scapulas
Sternum Manubriosternal joint
True ribs 1-7
False ribs 8-10
Floating ribs 11-12
Costal cartilages
Thoracic vertebrae
Diaphragm

Question 2

Three parts of the sternum

Answer 2

Manubrium
body
Xiphoid process

Question 3

The mediastinum

Answer 3

Superior mediastinum (arch of superior aorta) , sternal angle, Inferior mediastinum (anterior, middle, posterior).

Question 4

The sternal angle

Answer 4

Manubriosternal joint to between 4th and 5th rib transversely.

Question 5

Where does the heart lie?

Answer 5

Within the pericardium in the mediastinum

Question 6

What is pericardium and its function?

Answer 6

It is a fibre-seous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
Restrict excessive movements of the heart as a whole.
Serve as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract.

Question 7

How does the right atrium receive blood?

Answer 7

Through superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coroner sinus.

Question 8

What is coronary sinus?

Answer 8

Returns blood form the walls the heart itself. and situated medially to opening of IVC.

Question 9

5 characteristics of right atrium

Answer 9

Crista terminalis
Musculi pectinati
Right auricle
Fossa ovale
Atrioventricular orfice

Question 10

What are the difference between atriums and ventricles?

Answer 10

Thin-walled atria receive blood coming into the heart, whereas the relatively
thick-walled ventricles pump blood out of the heart
Greater force required to pump blood through the body than to the lungs, so
muscular wall of left ventricle is thicker than the right

Question 11

5 characteristics of right ventricle

Answer 11

Tricuspid valve with 3 cusps
Trabeculae carnae- irregular muscle structure of ventricle. and include papillary muscles.
Chordae tendinae- connect cusps to papillary muscles.

Question 12

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

Answer 12

When ventricles contract, these muscles also contract to prevent the cusps form turning inside out in to the atrium a into-ventricular pressure arises.

Question 13

Anatomy of left atrium

Answer 13

4 pulmonary veins
valve of metal foramen ovale
Atrioventricular orifice guade by mitral or bicuspid valve.

Question 14

Anatomy of left ventricle

Answer 14

Wall is three times thicker than of right ventricle
the chord tendineae connects posterior papillary muscles to the posterior cusp and anterior cusp.
Blood flows into aortic vestibule.
As blood recoils after ventricular contraction, fills the aortic sinuses formed by the cusps, it is forced into coronary arteries.l

Question 15

Describe the aortic arch branches

Answer 15

Brachiocephalic trunk- divides into rich subclavian and rich common carotid
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

Question 16

Describe vena cave

Answer 16

splits into superior VC and inferior.
SVC- Its inferior half within pericardial sac.
IVC- Passes through diaphragm at T8 and enters fibrous pericardium.

Question 17

What are the auscultation points of the heart?

Answer 17

Aortic valve- medial end of the 2nd right intercostal space
Pulmonary valve- medial end of the 2nd left intercostal space
Tricuspid valve- 4th intercostal space at the lower left sternal border
Bicuspid/mitral valve- 5th left intercostal space at th mid-clavicular line

Question 18

describe Coronary arteries

Answer 18

arise form aortic sinus in the aorta
RCA- runs forward between pulmonary trunk and right auricle. descends vertically. continues posteriorly to anastomose with left coronary artery.
LCA- passes forwards and divide into circumflex branch and anterior inter ventricular branch.

Question 19

Describe cardiac veins

Answer 19

Coronary sinus receives blood from great, middle, small and posterior cardiac veins.
Anterior cardiac veins only drain anterior portion of the right ventricle.

Question 20

4 basic components of the conduction system

Answer 20

Sini-atrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of his
Purkinje fibre

Question 21

Describe arteries

Answer 21

elastic and contractile
respond to change in BP
Under autonomic control; vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 22

What are elastic arteries

Answer 22

aortic and branches
helps to smooth out fluctuations in BP
During systole- elastic laminae starches to reduce BP
Diastole- elastic rebound to maintain atrial pressure
Tunica adventitia contains collagen to prevent elastic arteries form stretching beyond physiological limits.

Question 23

What causes arteriosclerosis

Answer 23

Tunica intima gets thicker

Question 24

What is vasa vasorum

Answer 24

Supply blood to arteries

Question 25

What are Muscular arteries

Answer 25

Distribute blood from elastic arteries to the body.
Less elastic tissue and more smooth muscle.
TI is smaller and TA are larger compared to elastic arteries.

Question 26

What are resistance arteries

Answer 26

small diameter
TM still relatively muscular
TA thinner and TI may disappear
Greatest change in BP

Question 27

What are the types of capillaries

Answer 27

Continuous-skeletal, smallest spaces between endothelial cells
Fenestrated- small intestine, kidney, endocrine glands
Discontinuous/sinusoidal- in liver, largest spaces between endothelial cells

Question 27

What are the types of capillaries

Answer 27

Continuous-skeletal, smallest spaces between endothelial cells
Fenestrated- small intestine, kidney, endocrine glands
Discontinuous/sinusoidal- in liver, largest spaces between endothelial cells

Question 28

what are the purposes of skeletal muscle pumps

Answer 28

pump blood through veins to the heart.
Include valves to push the blood up and prevent back flow of blood.

Question 29

What are pulse points?

Answer 29

Compression of artery against bone to find heart rate.